The goal of this study is to exhibit the quality of hospitality human resources in tourism. The customer value and the inter-creative process of hospitality will be the unique and indispensable reference to consider tourism as the stage of enhancing reciprocal human value. The Maslow's theory is introduced as the indication of hospitality quality level, process of hospitality, and result of hospitality. In considering the impact of ethics or philosophy on the process of tourism management, it is important to understand the responsibility as a host or a guest. The superior exchanging hospitality is designated in the range of the fifth stage of Maslow's theory.

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In classroom,teachers often keep teaching even though their children cannot understand their lessons. The researcher considers this is a serious problem in school education. The same may be said, no doubt, of undergraduates. If teachers do not improve their lessons,the scholastic ability of children naturally decline. Therefore teachers have to understand children’s experiences, learning strategies, interests, and have to evaluate their activity. If children cannot understand the lesson, the teacher must improve their lesson. It is important that the teachers show the children aims, strategies, and goals. Also, they encourage the children to teach each other, so that they can gain confident. We called this process “school clinical”. This paper shows two case studies of school clinical. The first case is an activity to have children reflect their own learning. The second case is an outdoor activiy. The results imply significant influence on children’s development.

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The aime in this paper is to considering the framework of theoretical model to analyze the behavior of tourist as a human action from point of view of microeconomics, investigating three representative models : 1) gravity model, 2) model of space-economics for tourism (the so-called Yokeno model), and 3) tourist model (the so-called Ikeda model). Our assertion in this paper is the following. A tourist as a consumer choices the tour commodities as complex goods and services which he maximizes utility from tour commodities subject to the income and time available to him, and prices of tour-related commodities, taking account of two important principles included in the most definitions of tourism up to this time : the principles of non-residence and non-profitability. And also, if we accept Sessa’s assertion that the principle of non-profitability is necsssary to except out of the definition of tourism, then, applying Becker's idea of time allocation theory, we can say that a tourist purcheses tourist-related goods and services under a restriction of income available to him, he produces the commodities of tourism, using their goods and services and scarce time as materials, and he obtains utilities from their commodities in a case, but he obtains some returns from their commodities in other case.

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「点滴中の寝衣交換技術」の習得に有効な練習回数と自己練習によって習得される技術項目を知るため調査し、下記の知見を得た。

1. 4回目の練習が最も効果がある。3回目までは進歩があり、5回目には進歩の限界を示す。

2. 自己練習で習得できる可能性が高い技術は「必要性の説明」「着脱の順序」「左側臥位禁止」「点滴瓶の操作」「能率性とプライバシーヘの配慮」「着心地の確認」「寝衣を整える」の7項目、自己練習で習得しにくい技術は、「点滴部位の安全」「振動させない」「滴下の確認」「シワを作らない」「患者の不安の軽減」「安全な環境」の6項目である。

3. UL指数0.4以上の技術項目は、4回の自己練習で期待水準に達するが、UL指数0.2以下で自己評価能力が刺激されにくい特性を示す技術項目は、5回目でも期待水準に達せず、自己練習の限界を示唆する。

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