In the Lake Biwa plain, there are several districts which the jori-systems are not yet geographically reconstructed, although many historical researches have been made for this rural planning in ancient Japan. Inukami-gun is a case in point. However, it has become easier to reconstruct the system, owing to the recent and excellent study by Mr. Iyanaga on the two maps of antiquity. These are a sort of cadastral maps in 751 A.D. with respect to the manors of Todai-ji. viz. Minuma-sho and Heru-sho, which originals are now in Shosoin's safekeeping.
The author has invesitgated the jori-system of Inukami-gun by means of the analysis of these worn-out maps, many cadestres in the Meiji era and the placenames related to the system etc. The result is indicated as the figure II & III. The designation of tsubo (1 cho square, about 11.9 ares) was the Paralleling type and the first tsubo begans as from the north-eastern corner of sato (6 cho square, about 650 metres square) as the othre guns in the eastern Biwa basin. And the jo was reckoned from the northern boundary of gun to the southern in its number, the sato from the eastern to the western. In the jori-system, the land is divided as a rule by lines running like a checker-work. The allotments of the paddy fields based on the system in this district had a direction of N 31°∼34° E along the lengthwise lines as in the cases of Echi-gun and Kanzaki-gun. In addition to the fact that the direction of land-division was common to all of the three guns, one basic line of jori was perhaps after the model of Tosando which was one of the main roads in ancient times. But we find some diversity and discrepancy between the designations of tsubo in 3 guns. These facts tell that Tosando was constructed in the first place, the landdivision according to the jori-system was performed secondly and finally the names of tsubo, jo and sato were given. The jori-system was put in force typically in relation to paddy-fields which was situated on the marginal portion of the fan and the upper older deltas. In these lands, the fields were irrigated mainly from many springs at the fan margin. And the strips has generally a narrow, long form, nagaji-typed (fig. 1). But becuse this district had belonged to the advanced region in ancient Japan, the fan was brought under cultivation in considerably earlier times. On the case, the irrigation canal “Ichinai” had played a large part. According to fig. II and fig. V which shows 3 head-to-margin profiles of the Inukami fan, we can find the jori-typed paddy fields even in the middle area of the fan. The period that man setteles in this land, therefore, was not very later than that of the fan margins.
On the lakeward margin of the deltas, there are narrow marshy zone where we can'ot find any jori-typed. However, by the above mentiond old maps, we understand that this marginal area was reclaimed in ancient times. Consequently, it is considered that in the course of 1200 years a diastrophic subsidence of the delta margins or a elevation of the level of the lake water occured. The change of the level of the water is measured vertically more over 2 meters.

抄録全体を表示

古墳時代後期に用いられた棺の一つに陶棺がある。陶棺についてのこれまでの研究は、出土密集地である畿内と岡山の地域を中心に、古墳出土資料を扱い、陶棺というモノ自体の分類と編年に力が注がれてきた。そこで、今回は窯跡出土資料も含めた全国の陶棺を対象に、モノだけでなく、陶棺生産の背景まで検討する試みをした。まず、外見的属性と技術的属性による分類をおこない、両者の連続性と時期的変遷から画期を見出した。また、陶棺を生産していた遺跡の性格を分析することで、陶棺生産の二つの性格−須恵器の一大生産地における生産と地域の中心的手工業センターでの生産−を明らかにした。

抄録全体を表示

In 1855, more than 200 cases of the Assyrian antiquities which had been excavated by V. Place at the site of Khorsabad, containing the antiquities of Kuyunjik, Nimrud and Babylon, were sunken in the Tigris and the Chatt-el-Arab near Qurnah, where the Tigris conflicts with the Euphrates in Iraq, on the way to France. The Japan Mission for the Survey of the Under-Water Antiquities at Qurnah, under the auspices of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan, the Directorate General of Antiquities of Iraqi Government and the Chunichi Newspapers, commenced the excavation of the first season on the first October, 1971 and continued it until 31 January, 1972.
In the first phase, we established, first of all, what seemed to be most fruitful area according to the thourough study of documentations in hand. The salvage group concentrated their work for the antiquities in the Tigris from joint-point with the Euphrates to the distance of 7Km upstream. We conducted our researches to the river-bed-layers, having attempted to cover the entire area from the surface of the water, by the use of what is known as “sonostrater”. Then according to the result of the record of the instrument, we excavated more than 20 points of the river-bed by a dredger and made sounding by divers with boring-sticks. However, unfortunately, we could not locate any antiquities for which we had been searching. Nevertheless we gained considerable amount of natural and artificial materials for studing the geology of the river-bed-layers and the archaeological analysis of their contents. These materials seem to be very important, since the result of studies might become one of the most useful detector for locating and salvaging the expected relics in the coming season.
In the second phase, the scholarly group made reseaches especially from the geographical, archaeological and historical points of view. In rather wide an area along the Tigris from Qurnah up to Azer, we made observations along the river-banks and collected stones, bricks and potteries found nearby. We visited the old men in the villages and gathered what seemed to be most important and valuable informations seemingly related to our project. On the other hand, we have tried to collect the air photographs, old maps and reports of explorations in the 19th century especially of the area of the lower Tigris. we attempted the best we could in order to obtain the related documentations until the end of our first season. However, contrary to our expectation, we could not procure them all in the shortage of time. Nevertheless, the results seem to be not small. Some maps and their scrutinizing study would undoubtedly give very important suggestions for the future researches of the sunken antiquities. So, we think, on the whole, our work of the first season might be regarded as successful, though we could not recover any antiquities.

抄録全体を表示

Few people know two historical and/or archaeological shipwrecks at Tokyo bay. One is Haya-maru located at the southern-side of line drawn between Futtsu Cape at Chiba Pref. and Kannonsaki at Kanagawa pref., the other is the Oneida located at the northern-side of the line. While the former is a national vessel, the latter is a foreign warship (United States). Sinking at internal waters (territorial sea), the latter is generally under control of Japan with the exception of removal of artifacts (UNCLOS article 303 § 2). In the case of Oneiada, United States abandoned its property right by selling. Taking all the shoreline surrounded by the Sea into consideration, Japan must face up to the international trend of UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (adapted 2001, entry into force 2009, not ratified as to Japan). This article aims to reveal some defects in the Japanese legal system through an examination of the treatment of two shipwrecks at Tokyo Bay. The most important thing is to pay attention to an idea as follows. It would be seen in the citation of titled A Study of Remains conservation Method: Underwater Remains by Monuments and Sites Division of Agency for Cultural Affairs (March, 2000). " To prevent the alteration and free salvage of underwater remains, likewise the method of the protection of remains on land, the points and situations of underwater remains should be firmly grasped, thereby such points and places positively need to be notified to the public as sites which contain buried cultural properties. It could be the first step for the protection of underwater remains above all to compel those who investigate underwater remains or carry out engineering works and so forth to notify and/or report in advance." (pp.73-74). Therefore this article particularly attaches great importance to legal aspects as well as historical stories. Such a narrative nature and background gives rise to archaeology, which could be legal interest perceived as highly beneficial interest to the public as a whole.

抄録全体を表示