The statistical observation on the familial aggregation in infection of Japanese B-Encephaphalitis, Roundworm and Hookworm Helminthiasis was conducted on the result of complement fixation test of Japanese B-Encephalitis and examination of faeces for the inhabitants in damp rice field area in Toyama Prefecture.
It revealed the following facts:
1) In the case of Japanese B-Encephalitis, no significant difference could be found between the actual familial aggregation and that of theoretical solution computed by binominal distribution. It proves that there is no familial aggregation in infection of this disease.
From this result, It is considered that the infection of this disease spreads through some common vechicle.
2) But in cases of infection in Roundworm and Hookworm Helminthiasis, significant difference could be found between the actual familial aggregation and the theoretical solution computed by binominal distribution.
It proves that there is obviously a familial aggregation in infection of this disease.
From this result, it was confirmed that the propagation of this disease is made one by one and from month to month. In the case of Dubini Hookworm Helminthiasis, from the result of epidemiological observation of Hookworm Helminthiasis in this area, it was also confirmed that the important part of the propagation (infection) is made through month despite the previous theory that the major part of the propagation is made through skin.

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米国教育厚生省 (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare) の定期刊行物に, Center for DiseaseControl (CDC) から“Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report”(MMWR) という週刊パンフレットが発行されています.内容は合衆国の届出伝染病の週間州別発生速報が主ですが.ほかに各種疾患の集団発生報告や調査記録なども載っています.その中から興味ありそうな記事を選んで抄録しましよう.

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新型コロナウイルス感染症（COVID-19）は，2019年1月に日本で最初の患者が報告されて以後，高齢者を中心とした成人患者数の増加があり，2021年の7月から9月にかけてのデルタ株感染の流行時期は，小児でも感染者数の著明な増加を認めた．小児の神経筋疾患患者のCOVID-19感染例に関する報告は，海外の論文を中心に，健常な児の臨床像と大きく差がないとするものが多いが，個々の小児神経筋疾患COVID-19罹患例に焦点を当てた報告はない．

当院で，小児DMDの1家族，FCMD2家族の罹患例を経験したので報告する．小児の筋ジストロフィー患者におけるCOVID-19の臨床像は既報告と矛盾なく軽症であり，重症度は基礎疾患によらず，年齢に依存した機序が大きいと考察した．一方で，ADLが自立しておらず，移動や食事に介助を要する小児の筋ジストロフィー患者においては，主介護者やその家族がCOVID-19に罹患した場合の課題が明確となった．

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Successive epidemiological study on enterobiasis using similar methods as Shizuka.Mura's survey was carried out among children in one of public nursery and their families during one month from March to April, in 1957. Among 83 (52.53%) persons out of 158 belonging to 34 families examined, pin worm eggs were detected. The high rates were seen among the children belonging to the year group of 5 to 9 and the females of 30 to 39. Correlations of infection between child and mother or father existed and remarkable familial aggregation was observed. But no significant correlations were seen between positive rate and frequency of bathing rate, changing underwears, or sexes Only, suspicious condition or circumstance related to the high positive rate observed among persons (52.53% in general and 80.95% in younger children) were space of the bed room and limited envilonment. Although no remarkable differences were observed in the space of the bed room of non infected and infected families, average number of Tatami, Japanese rice straw mattless, in bed room of the families examined was 1.527, while national standard was 3.7 in 1952. Thus smaller space of bed room may cause the high rate of infection in this survey. From epidemiological observations mentioned above, such as relation between children and their parents, or high rate observed in early school year children, the individual contact in a broad sense may be the most important cause of infection.

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This is a clinical study conducted with a view to determining the effect of Vitamin A on the prevention of Ascaris re-infection. 692 school children were used as subjects of study. A strict preliminary examination was conducted from February to October, 1957, as a result of which 110 children were deliberately selected. Such 110 children were divided into two groups at random, one of which was given V. A.(10, 000 IU per capita daily) for a whole year, and the other served as a control group. Thus, during the period of V. A. administration and during the 9 months' follow-up period succeeding it, the occurrence of re-infection was closely observed for comparative study.
A. Preliminary examination
1) The cumulative rate of re-infection among school children during 6 months' time was 42.0%. 2) All the egg-positive children were subjected to mass anthelmintic treatment in February and in June. And, from among those whose conversion to negative was confirmed by the August stool examination, but who had previously been positive both in May and in June and also positive from February to April consecutively or who had become negative as a result of treament executed in February but had been infected again thereafter, 110 children were finally chosen at random for the purpose of this experiment. These 110 persons were divided at random into two groups;then it came out that they were of practically holomogous composition as to the sex distribution ratio and the severity of infection (number of eggs detected). 3) For caution's sake, these subjects were again given two courses of anthelmintic treatment before the experimental administration of V. A, i. e. in September and in October, so that the possible inclusion of such cases as those who had larvae circulating within one or other organ unnoticed or of false negative cases be eliminated.
B. Results of experimental V. A. administration and follow-up results
1) Re-infection rate during the period of V. A. administration: The rate of the V. A. administered group was markedly lower than that of the control group. 2) Transition of the cumulative re-infection rate: After 5 months of the commencement of the V. A. administration, marked difference was observed in the ascending rates of the two groups. At the termination of the V. A. admintration, the V. A. administered group showed 29.1% while the control group reached to 60.0%-significant difference was obtained between the two values. 3) Relationship between the severity of infection prior to treatment and the severity of re-infection that took place during the V. A. administration: No definite relationship was recognized. 4) Severer re-infection occurred more frequently in the control group. 5) Spontaneous conversion to negative during the V. A. administration period: No significant difference was seen between the two groups. 6) Transition of the cumulative rate of re-infection during the follow-up period: The two groups presented no particular difference. Rise of the re-infection rate in V. A. administered group was ascribed to the lack of long lasting effect of V. A. 7) No side effect was recognized in the administration of V. A.
It is concluded that V. A. is effective in preventing round-worm re-infection, but its effect appeared not long lasting.

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Ascariasis in Japan was epidemiologically studied through clarifying the relationship between the trends of the percentages of positive ova in feces in the whole country, prefecture, city town and village, and social and environmental factors such as economic level, agricultural conditions, and hygienic index. Concerning colonies and households, relationship between ascariasis and several environmental conditions was studied and the following results were obtained.

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67歳の男性が結婚40年後にC型急性肝炎を発症した．その妻（68歳）がC型慢性肝炎患者であり，C型肝炎ウイルス（HCV）RNAが高力価陽性（>5,000 KIU/ml）であった．両者のHCV遺伝子型はともに1b型で，NS5B領域の1,087塩基長の配列において99.7%の一致率を示した．それに対し，これまでに報告されているHCV/1b株との一致率は最高でも96.7%に過ぎなかった．分子系統樹解析によっても，夫婦の持つHCV株は一つのクラスター（bootstrap値：100%）を形成し，同一株である可能性が強く示唆された．詳細な病歴聴取を行ったが，性交渉（月1, 2回）以外の感染経路はいずれも否定された．高齢夫婦間の感染には加齢に伴う生体側因子が関与していると考えられるが，高齢化社会を迎え，HCV感染者頻度の高い高齢者層でかかるHCV感染が起こる可能性を念頭に置く必要があると考え報告する．

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目的：「職務に関連する倫理的問題」という視点で，新型コロナウイルス感染症流行下において医療従事者等が患者・利用者，あるいは自身の権利や尊厳に関して不快感を覚えた体験の一端を探り，実態を把握することである．

方法：機縁法にて研究協力機関に調査協力を依頼し，承諾を得た13の病院・介護施設・訪問看護ステーションに従事する者を対象に，2020年7月から2021年5月の期間に2か月に1回webアンケートを送付し，計6回調査を実施した．

結果：【医療従事者自身や家族に対する差別や偏見】【感染者対応に関する医療従事者間の軋轢】【面会やケアの制限による患者・家族の不利益】など8カテゴリー，28サブカテゴリーが抽出された．

結論：調査期間を通して継続して抽出された倫理的問題もあり，組織として対応を検討する必要性が示唆された．

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With a view to elucidating some aspects of round-worm infection and mass anthelmintic treatment in rural area, the author conducted an investigation of all the pupils of elementary and lower secondary schools in Shirahama-machi, Chiba Prefecture (5 schools, 2, 180 pupils). Monthly stool examination was carried out from Feb. 1957 to Mar. 1959, together with more than ten times of mass anthelmintic treatment in between. Thus, such facts as transition of positive reaction rates, speed of infection or how soon infection occurred, infection rates by seasons, relationship between consecutive anthelmintic treatment and rate of conversion to negative, and that between the frequency of treatment received and the cumulative rate of conversion to negative were obtained by schools. The results of study are as follows.
1. Althouge all the five schools belong to the same local administrative unit, machi, their initial positive rates showed a considerable variance, the highest rate being 58.5% and the lowest 12.5%.
2. The infection speed by schools was high for the groups with high initial positive rates, in regard to both new- and re-infection. The cumulative positive rates by schools at the end of the first year ranged between 63% and 26%. The infection speed for the re-infection cases showed a higher value than that for the new infection cases.
3. Infection rates by seasons inclined to be lower in June and January, and higher in November and February to May inclusive.
4. Both Macnin and Nemacin, when employed repeatedly in consecutive treatment, appeared to cause a gradual decline in the rate of conversion to negative;and the severer the degree of infection, the more difficult it was to attain conversion to negative, it seemed.
5. The cumulative rates of conversion to negative obtained were: 78.6-94.3% by two courses of anthelmintic treatment, and 94.7-100% by four courses.
6. As for the transition of positive reaction rates, the rates became lower in the second year as compared with the first year of anthelmintic treatment program. However, in spite of the consecutive treatment given almost monthly, it would not fall beyond a certain level but rather showed a kind of side crawls (5-15% on an average).
On the basis of the above-mentioned findings it was concluded that, taking into consideration the infection speed, treatment should be give more frequently to the groups with high initial positive rates and to the reinfection groups, although it is generally said that mass treatment should be given 2 or 3 times a year.
Furthermore, it was considered that it would be difficult to attain the objective of the extermination of round-worms only by means of mass anthelmintic treatment, and that the treatment should be executed side by side with such measures for preventing reinfection as hygienic education, environmental improvement, and esp. the hygienic disposal of human waste, etc.

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本論文では，天然痘ウイルスおよびエボラ出血熱ウイルスをベースとした新型感染症の感染シミュレーションと，それに対する医療政策ゲームの有効性について述べる．インフルエンザや天然痘バイオテロに対する感染モデルとしては，SIRモデルが広く用いられてきたが，近年エージェントベースモデルあるいはIndividual based modelが普及し始めている．このモデルでは，一人ひとりの行動をコンピュータ上で表現することが可能であり，これらのデータを用いて人々の接触過程をシミュレーションすることから，感染症の広がりを表現することができる．本研究では，Epstein等の天然痘感染モデルをベースとして，医療政策として重要なワクチン備蓄量・抗ウイルス薬備蓄量・感染症対策を行う医療スタッフ数などをモデル化した．またエボラ出血熱ウイルスの感染モデルの実装を行い，有効なワクチンが開発されていない感染症での感染シミュレーションをモデル化した．これらの実験から，事前のワクチン備蓄量と医療スタッフの人員が，感染症の広がりを抑制するためにクリティカルな要因となっていることが見出された．また，これらのシミュレーションモデルをベースに，シリアスゲームとして感染対策を行う医療政策決定ゲームを作成し，その効果を検証した．ゲームの結果，ワクチン備蓄量などの決定に加えて，感染の発生が広がっている相手国への医療支援の意思決定タイミングおよび外出自粛や出入国制限が重要であることが見出された．

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