Earthquake insurance systems for residences and household goods were established in 1966, with the Niigata Earthquake in 1964 as the turning point. Losses to be covered in earthquake insurance are losses arising concerning the object insured due to fire, destruction, burial or flood directly or indirectly caused by earthquake, volcanic eruption or tsunami, and, moreover, the degree of loss is total loss, half loss or partial loss. The government undertakes reinsurance contracts of earthquake insurance. Therefore earthquake insurance that is operated jointly by the non-life insurance companies and the government is the insurance to have high publicity. on the tax system, deduction for non-life insurance premiums was modified, and deduction for earthquake insurance premiums was newly introduced in January 2007. There are two types of earthquake insurance in Japan--one for residences and the other for offices and factories, etc. --and this paper deals with the former.
Premium rates for earthquake insurance are stipulated as“ standard rates” in the Law Concerning Non-Life Insurance Rating Organizations (Law No.193 of 1948). The standard rates are calculated by non-life insurance rating organizations, filed with the Financial Services Agency under the Rating Organization Law and determined through such procedures as assessment. A premium rate for earthquake insurance is composed of a risk premium rate and a loading rate. Risk premium rates are to be appropriated to the insurance claims to be paid arising from earthquake disasters, etc., which will occur in the future. Loading rates are to be appropriated to the expenses of operating the earthquake insurance, and the paperwork cost of insurance policies, adjustment costs at the time of payment of insurance claims, and the commissions to be paid to agencies.
Even in Japan, which is recognized as the most earthquake prone country in the world, the number of occurrence of earthquake disasters is very small, compared with other disasters. Therefore, the“ law of large numbers”, the basics of rating method are not applicable to earthquake risks. So, in earthquake insurance rating, the risk premium rate of earthquake insurance is calculated with estimation of earthquake loss. In earthquake loss estimation, the data regarding earthquake sources used in probabilistic seismic hazard map made by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion were used from the revision in 2007.
In this paper, we explain the summary of the current earthquake insurance system and earthquake insurance rate at first. Then we report it about statistics of earthquake insurance, difficulties of making seismic risk insurable, rating method, and estimation of earthquake loss for rating. Finally we report it about expectation for the future active fault research from the viewpoint of rate calculation of earthquake insurance.

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In this study, we attempt to establish a method that can simultaneously estimate the wind speeds and basin average rainfalls for an enormous number of typhoons. We create by regression analysis an estimation equation to predict the rainfall induced by a typhoon from characteristics of the typhoon. To improve the estimation equation, we divide previous typhoons into four groups depending on the presence or absence of a front and the amount of rainfall. Since several groups don’t have enough samples, we add WRF-simulated typhoons with the tracks perturbed from original tracks of the typhoons with large rainfalls. Owing to this process, we can create estimation equations taking account of the effects of typhoons that would cause catastrophes in the future. These equations well reproduce basin average rainfalls. We apply the equations to stochastically generated typhoons and estimate the rainfall for each basin. In this way, we establish a method that can simultaneously estimate the wind speeds and basin average rainfalls of typhoons for an arbitrary return period.

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損害保険の通信販売（以降ダイレクト販売とする）が認可され四半世紀が経過した。認可当時は保険の自由化・規制緩和の動きの最中であり，ダイレクト販売は保険料の低廉化や販売方法の多様化をもたらすものとして大いに歓迎された。また，自動車保険ダイレクト販売開始当初はかなりのシェアをダイレクト社が占めるのではないかとも予想されていた。しかし，ダイレクト社の自動車保険のシェアは2019年度末保険料ベースで8％を超える程度であること等から，ダイレクト事業は積極的に評価されているとは言い難い現状である。また関連論文も極めて限られている。筆者はこのような現状に対し，ダイレクト社の業績を詳細に分析しダイレクト事業の現時点での評価を行った。その結果，ダイレクト社は一貫して収入保険料およびマーケットシェアを拡大させ，件数ベースでは対象市場の15％を超えるシェアを獲得しており，また既に3メガ損保を凌駕するほどの引受成績を達成している企業が出現していることが判明したこと等から，既にダイレクト事業は確固としたビジネスモデルを築き上げていることを確認した。さらに，損害保険事業を取り巻く環境が大きく変化（例えばCASE問題など）する中，これらの動きが損害保険事業に与える影響を考察し，現在損害保険市場は変革期にあり，この新たな状況はダイレクト系損保にも，従来には見られなかったマーケットをめぐる多面的な活動を展開するチャンスとなり得ることを明らかにした。　なお，損害保険市場を個人市場と企業市場に区分する必要性については，ダイレクト事業を考察する場合に避けて通れない問題であり，本稿で提案を行った。

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