近年, 各地で「香り」をキーワードとした博物館, 美術館, ハーブ園や芳香植物園等の香り施設が造られ話題を呼んでいる。地域の振興, 活性化, イメージアップに「香り」が寄与できると考えられるようになってきた。当社においても, 1996年6月に三重県青山高原にあるリゾート施設で「香り」の新事業を始めた。オープンまでは, 新しい試みで試行錯誤の繰り返しであった。今回は, この事例で得られた知見を中心に, 各地での香り関連施設の紹介も交え, いわゆるリゾートでの香りの応用についていろいろな方面から考察する。

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The method of selective extraction of paraquat was investigated by the use of diamine green B (ion association reagent). The recommended procedures are as follows : To 2 ml of the aqueous solution of sample is added 2 ml of the aqueous solution of diamine green B (13.617 mg/ml) and 2 ml of acetone. After standing for 1 min, the mixture is filtered. The precipitate is washed with 100 ml of water-acetone (2 : 1). To the precipitate together with the filter paper, 30 ml of 10 N hydrochloric acid is added and the mixture is boiled. After cooling, the solution is filtered to remove diamine green B and the filter paper. Paraquat in the filtrate is determined by spectrophotometry. The paraquat in green tea, human urine, and milk was analyzed by this method. But paraquat in the blood could not be determined because of the existence of interfering substances.

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沖積平野や台地は、その形成過程において地殻・地盤運動や海面変化の影響を受けているが、その形成作用の鍵となるものの一つに、河川の土砂運搬堆積作用がある。河川は、様々な基盤地質の流域を含み、沖積平野や台地などの地形が形成後に変形をうけている場合もあるため、地形をつくる堆積物の供給起源を解明するのが難しい場合も少なくない。したがって、堆積物の供給起源になりうる基盤岩などに含まれる石英結晶を調べ、その特性の違いから堆積物の供給起源地を推定できれば、地形学・地質学的プロセスの解明に大きな貢献を果たすものと期待される。本研究では、起源の異なる火山噴出物中に含まれる石英粒子のESR/TL/SEM-EDS特性を調べた。将来的には、河川流域スケールでの細粒堆積物の供給起源推定法の確立を目指している。

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総合病院は多職種が同時に集まることができる貴重な場であり，様々な角度から妊産婦の状態を評価することが可能である。このような環境のなかで，そこに勤務する精神科医が期待される役割とは何か？　具体的には，妊娠・授乳に関連した薬物療法についての理解，精神科医自身の育児支援体制への理解，産科スタッフへの教育，精神科医に対する周産期メンタルヘルスに関する教育，産科医・新生児科医・助産師・保健師・SW などの多職種との連携などがあげられる。

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集団健診尿725例 (男性337例: 年齢55.7±9.5歳, 女性388例: 年齢54.6±9.8歳) の尿中Tamm-Horsfall糖蛋白 (THP) 濃度をELISA法で測定した。THP濃度はCRE濃度で補正した値 (THP濃度インデックス) についても性別, 年齢別に比較, 検討した。その結果, THP濃度は性別における有意差は認められなかったが, 年齢が高くなるにつれて低値になった。また, THP濃度インデックスでは年齢による有意差が認められなかったが, 男性よりも女性の方が高値であった。THP濃度とCRE, TP, ALBとの相関をみたところ, CREとは0.61と良好な相関関係であったが, TP, ALBとは全く相関がみられなかった。

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  It has been well known that the majority of fire-related deaths are due to the inhalation of toxic combustion products and carbon monoxide (CO) plays a main lethal role in fire accidents. Furthermore, hypoxia and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the hypoxic condition have recently been shown to potentiate CO-induced death. This study was aimed at examining whether the relation between pO₂ and COHb concentration clarify the major cause for death of fire victims.
  Blood gases and COHb concentration in the blood of fire victims (n=10) and the rabbits inhaled with the toxic gases (CO₂-toxic gas : O₂ 5.0% ; CO₂ 16.0% ; CO 1.8% ; N₂ 77.2%, room air + CO gas : O₂ 21.0% ; CO 1.8% ; N₂ 77.2%, hypoxic condition : O₂ 2.0% ; N₂ 98.0%) were measured. From the relation between pO₂ level and COHb concentration of the victims and the rabbits, the major causes for death classified into 4 groups : 1) pure CO intoxication, 2) hypoxia + (CO intoxication), 3) potentiation of CO₂ in the hypoxic condition and/or potentiation of hypoxia for CO intoxication, 4) others.

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There have been hardly any cases of paraquat poisoning during normal use of paraquat as a herbicide, but there have been a number of deaths or cases of serious poisoning due to ingestion of paraquat products as the result of suicidal intent or accidents, and the survival rate is extremely low. To prevent the occurrence of paraquat poisoning, some experiments have been conducted in which emetics were added to paraquat products.
In this study, we determined the efficacy of including Triazolopyrimidine compound (pp) as an emetic in a paraquat product, when it was orally administered to dogs under the starved (condition A) or unstarved (condition B) conditions. When paraquat was orally given to the dogs (40 mg/kg body weight) under condition A, emesis occured four to six hours after the dosing. However, in the case of giving a dose of the mixed solution of paraquat and pp (PQ 40mg/kg, pp 2mg/kg), vomiting took place after four to six minutes (vomited rate of PQ: 86.4%) and seven to twenty minutes (vomited rate of PQ: 61.2%) under conditions A and B respectively. The average survival period in the case of the paraquat dosing was fifteen days and six days under conditions A and B respectively. However, in the case of giving a dose of the mixed solution of paraquat and pp, it was more than 20 days and 12.7 days under conditions A and B respectively.
The results of the experiment suggest that the inclusion of emetics is one of the effective means of preventing paraquat poisoning. As the amount of ingested paraquat is usually large in the case of suicidal intention, it is conceivable that an amount greater than the lethal dose will remain in the gastrointestinal system even if the emetic included in the paraquat produces vomiting in patients. Since the inclusion of emetics in paraquat products leads to an early occurrence of vomiting in the victim, the chances of finding him or her earlier should be increased. This would, in turn, make earlier treatment possible.

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ミネラルウォーターや浄水器の普及で市民の「水道離れ」が議論されるようになって久しい。本稿では、名古屋市上下水道局のアンケート調査などを材料に「蛇口の水と市民の関わりの実態」を検討し、「水道離れ」といわれる中での水道事業体や水使用機器メーカー等の取り組みを取りあげ、今後の水道事業の課題を考察した。

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　８４歳の男性で長期の飲酒，喫煙後にコルサコフ症候群，前頭・側頭葉症候群，進行性認知症で経過した症例。既往歴に栄養障害や頭部外傷の既往は聴取できなかった。６５歳まで勤務（教師）。その後も飲酒は続いていた。６９歳時，記銘力低下，日時，場所の失見当識，作話で発症し，認知機能の低下，感情不安定，脱抑制行動，病態無関心の状態で入院した。画像では前頭・側頭葉が高度に萎縮していたが第３脳室の拡大はみられなかった。８４歳時に重度認知症で死亡（全経過：１５年）。脳重は１,０３０gで，両側前頭・側頭葉に高度萎縮，左前頭葉眼窩面と両側側頭葉外側面に外傷性脳挫傷痕がみられた。両側海馬は中等度萎縮。組織学的には，前頭・側頭葉の神経細胞脱落，皮質下白質のグリオージス(外傷性)がみられ，大脳皮質に多数のびまん性老人斑，中等量の神経原線維変化が存在。乳頭体には，神経細胞脱落とグリオージス(軽度)が存在。前頭・側頭葉，後頭葉，基底核に陳旧性小梗塞があり，前頭葉，側頭葉，扁桃核，帯状回，島葉に軸索変性神経細胞が存在。橋核・下オリーブ核，迷走神経背側核，弓状核に中心色質変性細胞が多数存在。黒質・側頭葉に少数のレビー小体があった。病変は，アルツハイマー型老年期認知症(SDAT)，外傷性脳損傷，アルコール脳症，多発小梗塞の複合病変であった。

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While there are not any effective antidotes for paraquat poisoning up to this time, several procedures such as gastric lavage, dosing of emetics and adsorbents, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and hemoperfusion have been applied in treatment of paraquat intoxication.
In this study, we determined efficacy of the combined application of oral administration of an adsorbent (Adsorbin) and hemoperfusion using activated charcoal (HEMOSORBA: activated charcoal coated collodion, The ASAHI Medical Co.) in dogs being given orally paraquat in the amount of 40 mg per kg of the body weight.
Efficacy of the treatments was in order of the combined application of dosing Adsorbin and the hemoperfusion with Hemosorba, single use of dosing Adsorbin and single application of the hemoperfusion.
Oral administration of the adsorbent was carried out only once, either one hour or three hours after forced dosing of paraquat, and the hemoperfusion was started either one or three hours after paraquat dosing and continued for six hours in each case.
Effectiveness of the treatment on the survival-time was superior in the case of dosing the adsorbent and starting the hemoperfusion one hour after paraquat administration.
As a sign of developing lung fibrosis was found on histopathological observation in dogs survived for twenty days after starting the experiment, even in case of the combined treatment with the best results, observation of longer period seems to be necessary for obtaining more information after treatment. And it is furthermore advisable that the treatment, especially the hemoperfusion, should be continued or carried out more than one time until the concentration of paraquat in blood plasma decreases to the safe level.

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Rapid and sensitive colorimetry of paraquat adsorbed on silica gel or florisil minicolumn (7 cm×1.2 mm) is described. The blood containing trace amounts of paraquat is deproteinized by the addition of a mixture of chloroform and methanol (3 : 2, v/v). After applying the supernatant to the silica gel minicolumn, the color reaction of paraquat is achieved by passing color-producing reagent (6% alkaline dithionite solution) through the minicolumn. A blue color due to paraquat radical (≨0.36 μg) is easily observed. After the adjustment of pH by the addition of activated alumina to pH=8.2-8.3, paraquat in the urine can be also detected by a similar method to silica gel minicolumn. For the semi-quantitative analysis of paraquat adsorbed on the minicolumn, paraquat is eluted with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution and the color-producing reagent is added to the eluate. Paraquat ion (0.72 μg in the blood 1 ml) can be easily determined by colorimetry. A similar method by using florisil minicolumn can be used for the qualitative analysis of paraquat in the blood and urine with pH above 13. These micromethods are suitable for the emergency detection of paraquat in the blood and urine of patients poisoned with paraquat.

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東日本大震災において，被災地の拠点病院となったが精神科医のいなかった石巻赤十字病院に対して，赤十字病院精神科医による精神科リエゾン診療支援を行った。平成23年4月から11月まで180日の診療を行い，162名の新規患者に対応した。入院患者では44％，救急患者では78％，職員では60％が直接または間接的に震災と関係のある病態であった。震災と関係のある患者の割合は月を経るごとに減少する傾向にあったが，震災から9カ月を経てもなお震災と関係のある病態の患者が存在した。精神科診断分類では入院患者ではF0が多く，救急患者と職員ではF4が多かった。症状別では，入院患者ではせん妄，認知症が多く，救急患者では不安を基盤にする病態が多かった。自殺企図によるものは入院患者の2割弱，救急患者の4割弱にみられた。今回の支援により，災害医療においても一般医療と精神医療の連携が必要であることが示されたものと考えられる。

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Diquat (I) and paraquat (II) were analyzed by gas chromatography of their perhydrogenated products (III and IV) obtained by their treatment with NaBH₄ and NiCl₂. The system of NaBH₄-NiCl₂ was the most effective to obtain III and IV in the reduction of I and II with NaBH₄-transition metal salt. The reduction products were resolved by a gas chromatograph equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector and a 2m×3mm i.d. glass column packed with 5% KOH plus 5% PEG 20 M on Gas-chrom Z at 175°, with N₂ flow rate of 30 ml/min. This procedure is well suited for the assay of 10-90 μg/ml concentration of I and II (internal standard : p-anisidine) and is very useful for routine work because the reduction takes only a short time, without a troublesome apparatus by the use of NaBH₄ and NiCl₂ which are relatively safe to handle. The reduction products of I and II were identified as a mixture of trans-and cis-perhydrodipyrido [1, 2-a : 2', 1'-c] pyrazine (III) and 1, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipiperidine (IV) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and elemental analysis, as in the case of catalytic reduction using Pt₂O.

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paraquat中毒による死亡率は高く, その毒性はとくに肺障害に代表される。
急性paraquat中毒者10症例について, 血中, 尿中および臓器内paraquat濃度を測定し, その体内動態および肺濃度と肺障害の関係について検討した。
血中濃度は24時間以内に急速に低下し, 血中半減期は服毒2時間後 (症例3) で約0.5hr, 5時間後 (症例5) で約1hr, 10時間後 (症例6) で約2hrであり, 24時間後 (症例6) では26hr以上であった。したがって時間の経過とともに延長されることが示唆された。腎機能低下は服毒後5時間以内に出現することが推察された。
各臓器にparaquatの集積がみられ, 服毒後24時間以内は肺がもっとも多量であり, 271時間後は骨格筋がもっとも多量であった。肺内paraquat濃度は全症例を通じて死亡時の血中濃度よりも高値であった。
肺内paraquatの排泄はきわめて遅いが, DHP, HDの施行により速くなる。しかし骨格筋からの排泄はきわめて緩徐である。腎を除く他臓器は血中濃度と比例し, ほぼ一率であると考える。
肺病理所見は6症例とも, うっ血水腫で, 時間の経過したものほど高度であり, 長期生存例のみ, 一部に肺線維化が認められた。
不可逆的な変化として起こる肺障害の原因は排泄されてもなお小量の血中濃度を上回る肺内残存paraquatの影響によると考える。

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Paraquat (1, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-dipyridylium salt) is a widely used non-selective herbicide in the world. The herbicide is highly lethal to human, and its toxicity is characterized by damage to the lung. Many peoples have died through accidental, or suicidal and homicidal ingestion of paraquat in every year, and the numbers of the dead have recently increased year by year, in Japan. Much attention is being denoted to such an increment of the dead, as a social problem. In this review, paraquat poisoning and its identification (containing its related compound, diquat) are dealt with in two sections. In the first section, toxicity and metabolism of the herbicide, a possible mechanism and therapeutics of the poisoning are discussed. The second section deals with the methods used to detect and analyse the herbecides (paraquat and diquat) in human body fluids and post mortem tissue resulting from intentional or accidental ingestion. Furthermore, analyses of trace amounts of the herbicides in animal tissue, plant material, soil and river are covered. The methods are as follows : spectrophotometry, paper partition-and thin layer-chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, gas liquid chromatography, biological assay (immunoassay etc.) and micellaneous. The methods would be applicable to the identification of the samples in the fields of forensic chemistry, clinical and environmental toxicologys.

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