本稿の目的は，外国人労働力が卓越する山岳リゾートであるウィスラーにおける能動的国際移動者の実態を分析することである．そのため，能動的国際移動者の就業や生活の実態を労働力需要と関係付けて検討した．その結果，保有ビザや出身国などの属性，移動目的に注目すると，能動的国際移動者は複数タイプ，すなわち，「キャリア構築」，「レクリエーション重視」，「賃金・就業機会の獲得」に分けられることが明らかになった．またそれぞれの移動者が山岳リゾートにおける労働力需要の拡大や，それの時期・時間的な繁閑リズムに対応しており，地域労働市場の成立に重要な役割を果たしていた．能動的国際移動者の就業動機は，企業内転勤などとは異なり単一の移動目的では説明できず，必ずしも明確な経済的プッシュ・プル要因に起因しない．それゆえ各類型の移動者が異なる理由から山岳リゾートで就業していることが，地域労働市場の成立の一要因である．

　移民と福祉国家の関係に注目する従来の研究はグローバル化のもとでの福祉国家の持続可能性に関心を向け，移民をもっぱら福祉国家に危機をもたらす存

在として捉える傾向があった．近年，EU 諸国を対象とする研究においては，こうした傾向に変化がみられる．

移民の貧困という研究課題を提示したD. セインズベリーの研究以降，福祉国家にとっての移民ではなく，移民にとっての福祉国家に着目する研究が行われるようになってきている．

とくに注目されるのは，移民の貧困率や市民と移民の貧困率の差にみられる国ごとの違いが何によってもたらされているのかという問題をめぐる議論である．

この論文では，シティズンシップ研究の観点から，移民の貧困をもたらす要因に関する近年の比較研究の成果を整理するとともに，

そこに本論文独自の分析を加えることで，移民の貧困に関してどのような仮説がどの程度まで検証されており，どのような研究課題が残されているのかを明らかにする．

本論文は，先行研究が考えられる要因のうち統合政策の効果を検討してこなかったことを明らかにし，政策指標を利用した分析によって統合政策が貧困にあたえる効果を検証する．

そのうえで，論文の最後では現在までの研究の限界を明らかにし，今後検討されるべき課題を提示する．

 This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms for sustaining local labor markets in international mountain resorts according to their regional characteristics, focusing on foreign labor. It remains unclear how international mountain resorts, which have recently struggled to secure labor to accommodate a growing number of visiting tourists, have successfully attracted outside labor to sustain local labor markets. In this case study, Whistler is an example of a resort with an imbalance between the supply and demand of labor due to an increase in demand. When analyzing labor market results in this region, a mechanism emerges that includes two processes for supplying external labor. First, the process involving those who are willing to improve their language or professional skills and obtain permanent residence rights through work promotion, changing work, or starting businesses to establish themselves in a community. Second, the process of seasonal workers going abroad with working holiday visas and for recreational purposes. A specific social regulation effect overcomes three mismatches (space, temporal, and skills) and sustains these local labor markets. In other words, the international labor force travels abroad from one market to another when the spatial divergence is resolved. The process of permanent settlement or seasonal stay of workers is enabled by addressing the divergence between temporal elements and skills in these local labor markets.

本研究は，国家試験に合格したEPA介護福祉士のライフストーリーに見られるナラティブ・アイデンティティを通して「自己構成」としてのキャリアを理解するものである。自己構成としてのキャリアについては「キャリア構築理論」を援用した。研究協力者のライフストーリーからは【親の期待どおりのわたし】，【新しい関係性の中で生きるわたし】，【日本で働くわたし】，【同期の支えの中でがんばるわたし】，【やすらぎ苑で働くわたし】,【自分が決めた介護士としてのわたし】，【越境を経験したメンターのわたし】，【インドネシアと日本どちらでも自由に暮らせるわたし】が読み取れた。一方で，研究協力者はEPA候補者・介護福祉士をめぐるモデル・ストーリーとは距離をとり，独自のストーリーを筆者との間で構築していた。「外国人材」と呼ばれる人々が増える中，受入れ社会は，そうした人々一人ひとりを「その人」として見つめていくことが求められる。

  This paper aims to reveal the journey of international students in Malaysia, from their decision regarding place of study, study experience, and transitions into the workforce. This study also investigates human resource mobility patterns, including those after graduation.

  Recently, skilled workers or professionals have been welcomed by developed countries that are experiencing a lack of human resources due to low birthrates. International students are getting attention from those countries as potential members of a skilled workforce. In fact, the number of international students who stay on in host countries after completing their studies has been rapidly increasing.

  Many studies have focused on international students who have studied in traditional host countries (mostly Western countries) and obtained jobs or permanent resident status in those countries. Studies comparing students who return home versus those who remain in the host country after graduation also exist, as do studies that consider the multiple geographic directions of such students. However, although Malaysia is an emerging nation that is now accepting large number of international students, the transition from university to the workforce of international students studying in Malaysia is not well researched.

  More broadly, the mobility patterns of international students using frameworks such as the Absorption of Developed Technology/Knowledge, Acquisition of a University Degree, Implementation of Area Studies, Promotion of Cross-cultural Understanding, Promotion of Community Understanding, Exploration of Second Chance, Stepping Stone, or Regional Tour, have been widely researched. However, these patterns generally focus only on mobility or student motivations before choosing study locations. As a result, research on the mobility patterns of international students after they complete their studies is insufficient.

  This study conducted fieldwork for a total of five weeks between 2015 and 2017 at four universities located in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding areas. Interviews with 59 international students were conducted as well as with teachers, staff members, and graduates. The four universities involved in this study included public and private universities as well as a branch campus of a British university.

  The framework of transition of local students from university to the workforce was employed to analyze how international students transitioned from studying to working. This framework emphasizes the motivations for choosing a place of study, past work experiences, study experiences in Malaysia, work experiences on or off campus, smoothness of the transition process, and students’ utilization of respective specializations.

  This study revealed that international students who study at a branch campus have a completely different motivation than those studying in a conventional or twinning program. Those who studied at the branch campus first selected the Western university, then compared three campuses (in the United Kingdom, China, and Malaysia). They eventually selected the Malaysian campus because of affordability, entrance criteria, available subjects, class size, necessary school years, etc. Some students also chose Malaysia after realizing that their desired educational path was inaccessible to them in their home country.

  Some of the surveyed students had working experience in their home countries before pursuing a master’s or doctoral course in Malaysia. Two students had work experience in Malaysia and one in a third country. Quite a few students had studied at another university before entering their current universities in Malaysia; most of these students had attended a university in their home country, but some had entered another university in Malaysia and later transferred to (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)