This study employs historical maps and data to examine the establishment and transformation of the townspeople's land Cyonin-chi in Komagome district. Few townspeople's areas appeared before the Edo Period. In the early Edo Period, some farmlands were requisitioned as infantry residential land (Kumi-yashiki) or other feudal government land. Furthermore, many temples were relocated along with commercial towns (Monzen) in the Edo Period. Eventually, the townspeople's land in this area began to expand.
 Many townspeople's lands were authorized as Machi-kata in 1737 and controlled by a town magistrate (Machi-Bugyo) in 1745. This analysis found that the townspeople's lands in this area were organized into five categories as follows:
 I . Hairyo-machi-ya: Bestowed townspeople's land
 II . Townspeople's land of Rinsyo-in's territory
 III . Townspeople's land of Dentu-in's territory
 IV . Hyakusyo-machi-ya: Townspeople's land inclusive of other temple's territory
 V . Monzen: Commercial town in front of temple

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 The aim of this study is to clarify the composition of “townhouse type” architecture by articulation and integration of depth. Townhouse type is defined as the house on the site with frontage narrower than depth. At first, we define “vertical void” as the atrium and garden that is what to bring wind and light into the interior space. The compositional forms of townhouse type are defined through the combination of position of vertical void, handling of lighting surface and staircase in the vertical void. As a result, it is revealed that the articulation and integration of depth in compositional form of townhouse is generated by four stage of differentiation, which are established in containment relationship of concentric.

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This study uses historical maps and data to research the Buddhist temple area in Komagome. The temple and graveyard areas of the Edo, Early-Meiji Period, Beginning of Taisho Period and the present day are layered on a map, and the overlapping images are analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the following findings are observed:
1. In the Edo Period, many temples were transferred from the neighboring areas, for example, Kanda, Yushima and Hongo. Of these, nine temples' were using the Rinso-in's territory.
2. After land requisition in the early Meiji Period, in almost all cases, less than half of the bestowed land was authorized as a precinct temple area. Leased or taxed land in the Edo Period were authorized as a private land.
3. Some of the temple area was disposed and returned as private land due to the self-clearing petition appealed by the superior of the temple.
4. By the end of the Meiji Period, many temple areas, inside and outside the precinct were disposed. In many cases, graveyards remained on the original temple area.
5. The shape of the main street in the Edo Period can be seen in this area, and that of the town house block inherited from the Edo Period can be seen in some places. On the other hand, the high-rise apartment, located along the main street, overlooks the cemetery from the balcony of the apartment.

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In this study, we focused on contents described in the ‘Ansei period Komagome Fuji Shrine area map and illustration'. We verified the contents of the ‘Ansei period map’ and considered the aspects of gardeners’ farmland in this area. Consequently, the following findings were obtained.

・Most of the farmers in this area were also works as gardeners.

・A large number of farmers surname ‘Takagi', 'Utsumi’ and ‘Shimizu’ already owned the lands in several distant places.

・From the address on the 1912 land registration map, many locations were matched the houses on the Ansei period map.

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【Objective】

　Ibaraki prefecture had activated School Absenteeism Surveillance System for all public schools in 2009, and all nursery schools participated it since 2011. The staff of nursery schools and teachers of kindergartens, elementary, junior high, and high schools, have been recording symptom or diagnosis of the absence preschoolers or students at this system. Such information has been shared by board of education, school doctors, the public health center, and local government officers simultaneously as well as other nursery schools or schools in the prefecture. This system helps them to monitor the situation of infectious diseases, early detection, and timely correspondence, and it will be useful to avoid large-scale outbreaks.

【Method】

　At first we conducted a survey for all school nurses in the prefecture in cooperation with the educational boards in 2011. Then we classified the utilization levels of the system into three grades based on their answers.

【Result】

　We collected answers from school nurses belonging to approximately 88％ of all schools. The levels of utilization are high for 2％ followed by medium for 29％ and basic for 69％ of all schools, respectively.

【Discussion】

　We conclude that the regular training courses for school nurses were quite useful and important for the proper recording and skill up for utilization of the information collected from School Absenteeism Surveillance System. We also recognize that the cooporation among parents, communities, schools, nursery schools, education board, the public health center, and local government office was necessary to protect children health.

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近年，大きな社会問題になっているのが「ブラック企業」問題である。ブラック企業と呼ばれる企業では，正社員に異常な長時間労働と残業代の未払いを受け入れさせ，他方で，社員を自発的な退職へと追い込むような戦略的なパワーハラスメントが行われている。
ブラック企業に特徴的なことが「家族」というレトリックである。古来，日本企業には「家の論理」があり，家族は滅私奉公を行い，家の繁栄を目指してきた。ここにはブラック企業との類似性をみることができるが，ブラック企業には「温情」や「庇護」といった家長が子に対して果たすべき実践が欠如している。つまり，日本的経営の「家の論理」を歪な形で継承したのが現在のブラック企業の実態なのである。

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the formation process and the character of the terraced house district in Paddington, Australia. The common features of the external design of terraced houses in this area include small-scale homes of two or three floors, a narrow frontage, a rear extension, front and back yards, offset from the main street, with a veranda on the ground floor and a balcony on the first floor. The partition walls of the terraced houses also act as part of the fire walls, as well as dividing two homes and the structure of the house and balcony. The widths of the frontages range from 10 feet to 20 feet, and it is presumed that several lots of land (20 feet wide×105 feet depth) were consolidated into a single plot and the plural number of houses were then built on the site. Moreover we discuss the continuity and similarity of the main and rear elevations. When we picked up the "unit", namely continuous, as well as similar houses, it became clear that the units of terraced houses composed in blocksof two to six houses each and more than half the total number of units were comprised of pairs of houses. Moreover, the rear elevation showed no evidence of continuity and similarity.

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This study uses historical maps and data to research the Buddhist temple area in Nishi-Asakusa. The temple and graveyard areas of the Edo, Meiji periods and the present day are layered on a map, and the overlapping images are analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the following findings are observed:
1. According to the Gofunai-Jisha-Bikou, 90 temples existed in this area in the early 18^th century.
2. A comparison between the Kanei-Edo and the Meireki-Edo maps, indicates that the temple area in Nishi-Asakusa greatly expanded after the Great Fire of Meireki.
3. Almost all temples were moved from Edo's central area during the Edo Castle expansion and the reconstruction following the Great Fire of Meireki.
4. In the Meiji and Taisho periods, each temple area had six types of resistered holders: (a). the temple's precincts, (b). government precincts, (c). personal precincts, (d). the temple's graveyard, (e). government graveyards, and (f). personal graveyards.
5. Of 90 temples, 47 were still existent in this area in 2010.

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埋葬形態の多様化や少子化で墓地を維持管理、継承することが困難となる事象などにより、墓地が公共課題として認識されつつある。本研究では中核市である東京都八王子市の市営墓地に焦点をあて、議会議事録に依拠してテキストマイニングを用いて墓地行政の現状と展望を展開した。考察の結果、墓地の管理運営を中心に管理者視点の発言が多くみられた。利用者視点からは合葬式墓地への要望が高く、それに関連した管理・増設・利用の議論が多くなされていた。同市の公園・社会福祉施設で導入済みの指定管理者制度については未導入であり、今後の動向により制度利用の検討が必要であろう。

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 Levuka was ohosen as the first oapital of Fiji when it beoame British oolony. It was evaluated that Levuka retains evidenoes of its history from early European settlement to the present, and it was insoribed on the World Heritage list in 2013. Buildings of British oolonial period remine in this area, and Levuka is valued as an important site to understand the development of the South Paoifio. However, Levuka was pointed out about laok of the basis for aotive oonservation and monitoring, and plans for the oonservation plans by ICOMOS at the registration. And Levuka has same problems still now. In order to solve these problems, we should understand the value of historioal buildings in Levuka. This paper is to eluoidate the value and oharaoteristios of historioal buildings in Levuka.

 We used five survey methods: aotual measurement, traoe researoh, bibliographio survey, interview and photograph oomparison. We drew building plans and seotions, further identified original plans from detailed fabrio investigations inoluding analysis of traoes on eaoh fabrio to understand the development prooesses of the buildings. The way of using eaoh room was analyzed based on interviews. The researoh subjeot is mainly dwelling, paying attention to the relationship between the ohange in the layout and the lifestyle. Historioal buildings of Levuka are olassified into 3 patterns; Residenoes, Shop houses and Publio Buildings. This researoh foouses about residenoes.

 Historioal buildings in Levuka are bungalow style buildings. Eaoh of them is oomposed of main roofs and eaves. The most of the residenoes have the same form and the bungalow style is also used for some publio buildings. Levuka’s historioal buildings do not have oomplex main roofs like a “oatalogue house”. It is a simple shape to attaoh a verandah around a reotangular house.

 Levuka's residenoes have following oharaoteristios.

 ・Veranda has been ohanged to indoors and the number of rooms has inoreased.

 ・As the result of olosing verandahs, bedrooms moved from oentral oores to the front verandahs.

 ・Passages were oreated for to keep independenoe for bedrooms.

 ・Living rooms were expanded by oonneoting verandahs and oentral rooms.

 Currently, many of verandahs are olosed and divided. Looal people use verandahs as bedrooms, living rooms and bathrooms. And most houses have made large openings between oentral rooms and verandahs. These rooms are used as living rooms. Before the verandahs were olosed, verandahs did not have walls and the rooms were only in oentral oore. It is an old style that there are bedrooms in oentral oore. The same type houses exist in Levuka. In the buildings in olosed verandahs are very dark and ventilation is very poor. The bedrooms and living rooms were moved to the verandahs seeking for improvement of living performanoe.

 Additionally it is presumed that people tried to improve oomfortability by oonneoting oentral oores with verandahs so as to oreate large rooms and gain daylight and ventilation. I speoulate that passage was no longer important beoause the living room was expanded.

 We thought that house plans in Levuka ohanged as follows. The first form is a oentral oore with verandah, and the seoond form is olosed baok verandah. And then some houses made passage in oentral oores and olosed front verandahs. At the end, bedrooms were moved from oentral oores to verandahs and living rooms were expanded. The funotion of the passage was no longer oonsidered important beoause Fijian lifestyle is oentralized in a living room.

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目的：介護予防教室における参加者と主催者への大学介入の影響を明らかにする．

方法と対象：介護予防教室の参加者には，介入前後の身体・口腔機能検査と意識調査を実施し，主催者は介入後に意識調査を実施した．結果はx²検定，Wilcoxon検定などで分析した．

結果：参加者は教室参加前後で筋力・口腔機能向上が認められなかったが，プロセス・影響評価が高いことが示された．主催者は域学連携の必要性を感じており，介入後のプロセス評価・影響評価の因子別平均値は3.0以上であった．一方，もっとも低値だった因子は結果評価であった．

考察：域学連携を実施した結果，参加者・主催者共に評価指数からなる結果評価よりもプロセス・影響評価を重視していた．特に，主催者は大学が関与することでプログラム構成，専門的な情報提供，事業の活性化や共同体感覚などを期待していることが示唆された．

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目的：本研究は，介護福祉専門職のアドバンス・ケア・プランニング（ACP）ファシリテーターがACPを実践する上で感じる阻害要因を明らかにすることを目的とした．方法：2021年12月から2022年1月にかけてGoogleフォームを用いたオンラインアンケート調査を実施した．2020年度広島県ACP普及推進員養成研修修了者82人及び広島県福山市ACP推進協力員登録者138人，計220人を対象とした．調査内容は，対象者の属性等に加え，ACPの阻害要因に関する質問37項目についてそれぞれの重要度を7件法で尋ねた．看護師，医師（「看護師・医師」）と，それ以外の医療職及び介護福祉職（「介護福祉職ほか」）の2群に分けて比較した．結果：67人から回答を得た（有効回答率34.4%）．介護福祉職ほかのACPの阻害要因として，1）ACPの知識不足，2）ACPの実施に関して自分よりも他職種が適しているという考え，3）制度・環境面から意向の実現が困難，が明らかになった．看護師・医師は，時間不足を重要な阻害要因として感じていた．1）職種に応じたACPへの関わり方の明確化，2）職種に応じた教育機会の拡充，3）ACPの意思決定プロセスを支援するツールの活用，4）情報共有システムの基盤構築といった対策が，介護福祉専門職のACPファシリテーターによるACPの実施促進に有効と考えられる．結論：本研究で明らかになった阻害要因に対する対策を講じることで，介護福祉専門職のACPファシリテーターによるACPの実践が促進され，地域においてACPは普及していくと期待される．

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 The distribution and landscape of temples and shrines and their functions in the City of Edo are examined, and urban structures constructed based on mystical and religious aspects of spatial design are evaluated.
 The five key findings of this study are:
 1. A city design modeled on Heiankyou (ancient Kyoto) was applied to the construction of the City of Edo, and was arranged according to four directions and their connections with gods. This model was meant to protect the City of Edo not only militarily, but also in magical and religious ways. In particular, large temples and chinju-sha shrines, which were strongly associated with the Tokugawa shogunate family, were placed to face northeast/southwest—directions regarded as being unlucky—as well as towards places of execution and the locations of red-light districts in areas bordering the city. This placement created an extraordinary atmosphere in the city. Tokugawa Ieyasu was awarded a posthumous shingo (literally, a Shinto deity) title, “Tosho Daigongen,” and was enshrined angled towards the North Star (i.e. Nikko) to protect the City of Edo. The attempt to harness these magical factors to protect and safeguard the City of Edo is one of its characteristics.
 2. Temples and shrines were under the control of the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo Period, and the Honmatsu-seido (government-enforced main-branch temple system) was established through the enactment of jiinhatto (laws for temples). In addition, members of the public were forcibly linked to temples and shrines through their status as danka (temple supporters) under the Terauke seido (a system that compelled the public to become Buddhists). Through this administration of religion, temples were integrated into a system for maintaining social order as a marginal role in the mechanism of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 3. The temple and shrine estates as a whole were almost the same size as the space allocated for the townspeople, and occupied a large proportion of the City of Edo in terms of land use. Shrines increased rapidly in number as the city's population increased. As a result, control measures were introduced to restrict the establishment of temples in the city's central area, where strong demand had led to a severe land shortage, and these temples were instead almost forcibly moved to the suburbs. This tendency became more evident in city planning after the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657; subsequently, new “towns of temples” were created in districts such as Asakusa, Shitata, and Mita.
 4. The rapid expansion of urban areas in the City of Edo led to religious facilities using their precincts as places to lease land and rent houses. As a result, new monzen-machi (temple towns) were created within the precincts of large temples, and some of these towns developed into entertainment districts, housing performing arts and drama facilities.
(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

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