本研究は、中国の 212都市を対象として、土地使用権の流動性と都市特性との関連性を明らかにした上で、地域の状況に応じた今後の土地利用管理政策についての方向性を提示することを目的としたものである。先ず、 1949年から現在までの中国の土地利用制度と土地管理政策を整理し、五つの時期に分け、各時期の特徴を明らかにする。次に、対象都市の都市経済指標と土地利用指標を用いて、主成分分析 /クラスター分析を行い、 7グループに類型し、各グループの経済発展レベルと都市化レベルの対応関係及び特徴を明らかにする。最後に、類型ごとの都市特性と土地使用権の転換状況の関係を比較分析・考察し、その結果に基づいて、類型ごとの今後の土地利用管理政策の方向性を提示している。

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本研究は,わが国の室内・家具と中国家具文化とのかかわりを,坐臥具を中心に比較・検証した。その結果,次のことが明らかとなった。(1)中国坐臥具の床(牀ともかく)は寝台であり,日本の「床の間」「床几」「床子」などの語源や形態に影響した。(2)「榻」は,日本の縁台や店棚形式の坐具と類似する。(3)中国北方の寝床「?」での起居様式は日本と同じ床坐であった。?で使用する「?卓」は、日本の「座卓」の原型であった。(4)?の起源は,古代中国の俎を原型とし,小?子は,日本の踏台や風呂腰掛けと同一構造・形態であった。(5)条?は,日本の床几と構造・形態で一致し,使用法も類似していた。

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 In recent years, with the economic development and the improvement of living standards in China, the energy consumption has been increasing significantly. To create a sustainable society, it is important to clarify the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the residential sector, especially that in the urban houses because China is in the process of urbanization.
 Studies on the residential energy consumption in China have been carried out in Japan as well as China. Yoshino et al.¹⁾ have made clear the energy consumption of apartment houses for six Chinese cities by surveying; Zhang et al.²⁾ clarified the energy consumption for the capital cities in China in 1997 using the official statistics, developing a model predicting energy consumption in the residential houses in China; Ning et al.³⁾ investigated the structure of energy consumption using the Chinese statistics; Yu et al.⁴⁾ clarified energy consumption by questionnaire surveying and simulations for six Chinese cities; Ling et al.⁵⁾ investigated the consumption of electricity and gas for 23 areas in Beijing and made clear the average energy consumption except energy for district heating. All these studies can be classified into two methods: statistical and survey methods. With the statistical method, researches often face the problem of lacking the items needed in their researches; but with the survey method, it is difficult to tell if the results can represent the reality. Because the statistical method is based on large number of residents, it is used in this study. All the studies mentioned above have not been able to make clear the trend of energy consumption in the urban houses, nor the CO₂ emissions caused by the energy consumption.
 In this study, based on Chinese statistics, unit energy consumption for 277 Chinese cities is clarified during the period of 2002-2012. The emissions of CO₂ caused by energy consumption per household are also analyzed. The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
 (1) Energy consumption per urban household increases from 12.3 GJ to 23.1GJ in the period of 2002 - 2012. The percentage of each kind of energy was clarified;
 (2) The emissions of CO₂ per urban household increases from 1, 689 kg CO₂ to 3,559 kg CO₂ in the period of 2002 - 2012. The weight of CO₂ emissions caused by different kinds of energy resources was made clear;
 (3) Energy consumption and CO₂ emissions per household in the capital cities is 1.44-fold and 1.42-fold of the average, respectively.

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 In this paper, we took up 20 buildings of Three bay building type from the Yuan and Ming Dynasty in Sichuan Province, and examined their architectural characteristics such as their plane dimensions, structural system, tokyou and climbing beams. The characteristics are summarized as follows.

 1) About the appearance and plane of Three bay type

 Three bay type is generally constructed as a built-up roof tile, with double doors in the middle at the front and thick wall (3 buildings) and thin wall (17 buildings) on both sides and back. The general plane is between the purlin 3 spans and between the crossbeam 3 or 4 spans, and is a square with a side length of about 12 meters to 15 meters. As for the inter-column dimensions, the ratio between the center and side of the front is about 2 to 3 times.

 2) About the span and frame

 Three bay type is based on a girder type in which a tokyou is placed on the pillars and a frame is built using beams and bundles between the pillars. It belongs to the frame form of North and Central China. The interior space has four pillars in the center and eaves with a width of 1 is surrounded around it. In the eaves, it is divided into three types, one-frame, two- frame, and three-frame system, based on the purlin girder span. The Moya is divided into three types, three-frame, four-frame and five-frame. It is common for Three bay type to have a two-frame system for the eaves and a four-frame system for the Moya.

 3) About the tokyou and center-tokyou

 In Three bay type, there are four types of tokyou, 3-stage, 2-stage, 1-stage, and overhanging beam, there are different from the ones on the front, both sides and back. The tokyou arrangement have 4 types. The first one uses a 3-stage on the front and 3-stage, 2-stage, 1-stage, overhanging beam on the both sides and back. The second one uses a 2-stage on the front and 2-stage, 1-stage, overhanging beam on the both sides and back. The third one uses a 3-stage on the front, both sides and back. The fourth one uses a 2-stage on the front, both sides and back.

 4) About the climbing beam and the tail rafter of Tokyou

 Some buildings of Three bay type use curved materials (climbing beams) as structural materials for the Moya and eaves. One is to use a thick diagonal material (tentative name: large climbing beam) assembled in the shape of a palm in the beam direction in the center of the attic of the Moya. The other is to use a curved material (tentative name: small climbing beam) for the tokyou on the side pillar, which connect the tokyou to the Moya girder in the attic of the eaves.

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