目　的

本研究の目的は，計画外妊娠をスクリーニングする質問票The London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy（以下，LMUP）日本語版の言語的妥当性を踏まえて開発することである。

方　法

LMUP 日本語版は，第1段階：2名による独立した順翻訳，第2段階：研究者による協議・順翻訳の統合，第3段階：2名による独立した逆翻訳，第4段階：研究者による協議・日本語版（暫定版）作成，第5段階：再検討，を経てLMUP日本語版を作成した。

結　果

LMUP日本語版の作成過程における研究者協議ならびに再検討ではLMUP原文開発者であるGeraldine Barrettとの検討の結果，第5段階にて言語的妥当性を検討し，日本語版を確定した。翻訳過程において検討を要した主な内容は，「In the month that I became pregnant」や「Just before I became pregnant」など，回答者により様々な時間軸で捉えられる言語間で生じる意味やニュアンスの差異を最小にするように検討した。

結　論

一連の翻訳手順を経て，言語的妥当性を踏まえたLMUP 日本語版を開発した。

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Nowadays in Japanese schools, including nursery schools, kindergartens, elementary schools, lower secondary schools and upper secondary schools, keeping a good relationship between teachers and parents has become more difficult. The advance of the information society and changes in social structures have been causes of stress for many people. At the same time, from the latter half of the 1990s the Neoliberal political movement has been promoted in the society and educational system. The result of the latter movement has been "structural reform," usually as seen as the weak becoming the victim of the strong. As the society has experienced greater and greater economic inequality, the tendency to turn one's own irritations and frustrations upon the other has become worse. In many industrial fields the demand for an improvement in the quality and content of services has been increasing, and such demands can now be seen for schools and teachers as well. In this context, on the one hand we have the schools, which now have little surplus energy, not to mention a lack of financial support, to deal with these high-level requests from parents, so they are at times caught in a dilemma. Given these changes, we have seen an increase in teacher suicides and cases of teachers suffering from mental illness, notably depression, lately attracting considerable attention as social problems. On the other hand, there is also a problem with traditional ways of thinking. Schools and those who work in them continue to have an authoritarian consciousness, thinking that parents should follow the logic and convenience of schools. Schools thus turn down reasonable requests from parents without good reason. Schools need to respond to these changes of the times and society, accept parents' request, and try to improve school management. In this paper, given the present situation where parents and teachers each actively assert themselves, how can better relationships be created between these two groups? We will examine some of the political prospects and problems by examining: 1 .The causes of difficulties in parents and teachers getting along with each other 2. The suicide of a new female teacher 3. The structure of parents' distrust of the school and bringing a suit against the school 4. The cause of an explosion of troubles between parents and teachers 5. The implementation of a policy for an improvement of the relationships between parents and schools

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Withholding medical treatment to neonates born with congenital diseases has been prevailed in many countries since the 1970s. In Japan, several guidelines have been established that classify the cases in which we are permitted to withhold life-prolonging treatment. Nonetheless, no definite social consensus has been reached about whether and how withholding treatment because of disability can be ethically valid. Our aim in this study was to clarify the standards of withholding medical treatment to handicapped neonates that are ethically justifiable. First, we point out that withholding treatment to infants is essentially different from ordinary cases because the infant patients utterly lack autonomy. Then, we argue that "intolerable suffering," "quality of life," and even "the best interest" can never compensate for the lack of autonomy. These principles are inadequate for the standard we seek because objective validity is required for the criterion to justify selective nontreatment of infants with handicaps but aforementioned principles can acquire only subjective and individual validity. Consequently, we examined the justifiability of deciding selective nontreatment, which can be both ethical and feasible, claiming the importance of changing our point of view from an individual to a social level, and of a decision-making system based on a broad consensus, not on personal will. Meanwhile, we propose introducing palliative care for terminally ill neonates in order to provide them with dignified end-of-life phase.

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