The Japanese Antimonopoly Law, by prohibiting private monopolies, unreasonable practices in restraint of trade and unfair methods of trade, seeks to promote free and fair competition and thereby promote the democratic and sound development of the national economy as well as to assure the interest and welfare of the general consumer. To this end and to implement the Law, the Law itself sets forth administrative regulations, criminal regulations and civil regulations. Administrative regulations are especially important in implementing the provisions of the Law. This report seeks to analyze the real nature of injury arising out of any violations of this Antimonopoly Law and to deal with the way of seeking, and the requirement related to obtaining, private relief. Especially significant is a §25 action, which is an original devise that renders the right to recover damages without prejudice to the injured person after a judgement has been given. This report, after pointing out the requirements of a §25 action, analyzes the various aspects of private relief for the injured person. It then seeks to classify the various categories of injuries arising out of violation of the Antimonopoly Law in order to ascertain the proper remedy in conformity with the nature of the injury to the injured person.

抄録全体を表示

本稿では，我が国生命保険業のグローバル化1)について，世界の生命保険市場を概観した上で，日本の生命保険会社の海外展開の現状を整理する。
また，生命保険業のグローバル化への課題として，国内規制に焦点を絞り，海外の保険会社を買収する際に生じる子会社業務範囲規制を取り上げる。同規制については，国内を視野に制度導入時には合理的な理由を有していたものと考えられるが，我が国保険業のグローバル化が急激に進展している今日，とりわけ海外での適用について，国内外の監督体制の整備やERM等リスク管理手法の進展等の状況を踏まえ，抜本的な検討を要する時期に来ていると思われる。

抄録全体を表示

書籍、新聞等の出版物 (著作物) の再販制度の存続の是非については、その文化的な意義と経済的な競争政策の両面から様々な議論が見られるところである。本稿では、我が国で出版物 (著作物) 再販制度が設けられた歴史とその背景となった海外の状況や現状等を中心に再販制度の文化的意義を考察するものである。

抄録全体を表示

法律の適用・解釈において保険概念に関する議論が意味を持つ局面としては，「保険」であることが法規定の適用要件になっているため，ある取引がまさに「保険」取引であるのか否かということが問題となる場合（Ex.保険法・保険業法・法人税法の損金算入）と，当該規定の要件に「保険」という概念は含まれていないが，ある取引に当該規定を適用するに際して，当該取引が保険取引であることがどのような影響を与えるかということが問題となる場合（Ex.の課徴金額の算定）がある。いずれの場合についても，「保険」という取引・制度をどう捉えるかという問題は重要なものであるが，その議論から個々の法規定の適用について直接結論を導きうるとは限らず，当該法規の趣旨・効果を踏まえて当該法規をいかなる場合にどのように適用すべきかという観点からの検討が必要である。

抄録全体を表示

Introduction: From 2007, competitive bidding for procurement became widely employed by the Japanese Government, and health check providers for government workers are selected every year by this method. Deterioration of health check quality due to excessive price competition is a serious concern. The National Federation of Industrial Health Organization (Zeneiren) conducted an investigative research on the contracting of health check providers and occupational physicians in workplaces in 2015–2016 in an effort to prevent low-cost but low-quality health checks. The report of the research is available on the homepage of Zeneiren. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the report, and deterioration of health check quality due to dumping by and switching of health check providers is discussed from economic and legal viewpoints.

Method: Information was obtained from articles in print and on the Internet.

Results: A questionnaire survey of health check providers revealed that excessive discounts due to both competitive bidding and demand from companies commissioning health checks occurred on a routine basis, and some providers were concerned about worsening business conditions in the future. In a separate questionnaire survey of occupational physicians, it was discovered that they were able to evaluate the quality of health checks, whereas administrative officials responsible for selecting the providers were seldom able to adequately evaluate the health check quality, resulting in contracting providers of questionable quality, which in turn caused considerable dissatisfaction on the part of occupational physicians. Moreover, when health check providers were switched, the reporting format of health check results changed. The physicians did not favor such a change because of the considerably increased workload involved in coordinating past and current data and the risk of decreased occupational health service quality.

Discussion: Dumping makes the management of health check providers very difficult and is a cause of loss of social capital. If health check providers of good quality withdraw from the market, the supply of high-quality health checks decreases. This corresponds to external diseconomy caused by dumping on the part of the health check providers and loss of social surplus (economic surplus).

Conclusions: To avoid deterioration of occupational health service due to low-quality health checks and changes in the reporting format, occupational physicians must actively engage in the selection of health check providers of good quality.

抄録全体を表示

A series of international movements towards “deregulation” in the field of so-called service -related industries including tourism has been unanimously observed among free nations in recent years. To cite a few of such service-related industrial sectors: － travel, transportation, insurance, information, inspection, finance, trust, judicial affairs, etc. In roder to cope successfully with such phenomenal deregulation, both private firms and governmental organs have been flexibly engaged in making business tie-ups with their foreign counterparts, even skipping legal barriers in between. The author presents, in this thesis, 3 recent cases of international agreements and/or contracts relevant to tourism/travel industry, and pursues such trend by scrutinizing their contexts.

抄録全体を表示