This study, focusing on the urban space of the old Beijing city which is a legacy of the pre-modern period, deals with the development of its modern commercial district and historical evolution of town houses. The results are as follows.
The commercial district reflected the social background and urban structure of the pre-modern period, and the evolution of the town houses reflected the land use and site conditions of the commercial district. This evolution could be seen in their facades and spatial compositions. For example, there were Chinese Baroque and Art deco style facades. With regards to spatial composition, multi-storey buildings, atriums, and staircases for each story were used to ensure effective use of the land. By applying these three construction methods, new commercial facilities were also constructed.

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　本研究は，中国の北京を対象に，20世紀初頭から開始される近代化の過程で都市空間がいかに変容したかを明らかにすることを目的としている。長い歴史の中で都市形成の様々な層を重ね，しっかりとした空間の構造を築き上げてきた北京が，どのようなメカニズムで近代化を遂げたのかを，建築・敷地・街区・地区，そして都市全体のそれぞれのレベルに着目しながら，分析・考察するものである。この目的を達成するために，『乾隆京城全図（けんりゅうけいじょうぜんず）』（1750年），近・現代の地図，文献史料を駆使しながら，現地で実測・聞き取り調査を行ない，近代化の実態を解明した。まず最初に，政治的体制の変化を背景とする，都市全体の空間的ヒエラルキーの変化と新たなゾーニング（機能配置）の形成，交通網など近代のインフラストラクチャーの形成を分析した。　その結果，面的な大改造はあまり見られず，むしろ清代までに形成された都市の基本的骨格を受け継ぎながら，部分ごとの機能・意味の転換によって，近代化が推進された実態が明らかになった。　次に，北京の近代化を最も積極的に担った地区を，都市機能ごとに取り上げ，形成過程とその結果成立した空間の構造についで具体的に分析した。まず，外国公使館が集中し近代化の象徴となった〈東交民巷（ドンジアオミンシアン）〉を対象に，地区構成と建築の配置・様式を考察し，次に，西洋文化の流入とともに登場した住宅及び住宅地の系譜を解明した。一方，商業地として新たに登場した〈（ワンフーチン）〉，そして伝統を引き継ぎ，発展させた外城の〈大柵欄（ダーヂアーラン）〉など，さらには後者の周辺に形成された旅館街を取り上げ，敷地の形状から店舗・建築の形式までを分析した。最後に，新規開発の例として〈万明路（ワンミンルー）〉周辺を扱い，計画・設計上の新しさについて考察した。こうして本研究によって，歴史的構造を持った北京か成し遂げた都市近代化の特質が明らかになった。

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Large-scale facilities such as subway station, underground car park, underground passage road were investigated on design and construction technology for constructing using tunneling methods in the comparatively shallow space for the purpose of efficient use of underground space in urban area.
In this paper, the controversial point and the problem to be solved are reported to make a correct application of tunneling methods for large section tunnel with shallow overburden.

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This paper describes the measures that have been taken for protection and utilization of Chinese buried cultural properties （archeological sites）. Measures are discussed and described with emphasis on the provisions of the Law of the Peopleʼs Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics. The third nationwide survey of cultural relics, and a series of rescue excavations carried out by the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology as well as the preservation of Nanyue palace sites in Guangzhou, Guangdong, are discussed as examples of activities leading to the preservation of archeological sites. The Wangfujing Paleolithic site museum in Beijing, the public archaeological practice at the Shuiliandong cave site in Hebei, and the national archaeological site park at the Zhengzhou Shang dynasty city site in Henan are cited as good examples of the utilization of archeological sites.

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The establishment of Dongan Market indicated the new stage of the development of urban commercial facilities in Beijing of modern era. The evolution of Dongan Market was very significant for the emergence and the configuration of modern public market in Beijing. This paper sums up the characters of Dongan Market, associating to the organization of the market and the arrangement of shops, from the point of view on regulations, rules and so on which were issued by Beijing city, with the historical full textual researchs.

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This article is based on observations and data collected during my visit to Peking in the autumn of 1938.
1) Peking as the capital of the Han-culture. (Han is the crown name of cultural China) _??_pp. 213-18_??_.
Important descriptions: (A) Town wall and the reason why it has been required, on the contrary to Japanese towns which have had no, wall _??_p. 241-_??_.
(B) Races which set Peking as their capital were the Manchurians Mongolian, and Turkistan people, but town planning of Peking has been derived of Chow, and has very intimate relation to Chang-an and Loyang, two old capitals of the proper chinese states.
2) The Plan of Peking _??_pp. 218-25_??_
(A) The difference between Peking or Fengtien and Kyôto or Changan as to the situation of imperial palace (Fig. 1, 2, 3) (B) Compari-sion of the length of wall on 5 different maps of Peking _??_p. 220-_??_. (C) Classification of roads _??_p. 222-_??_: (i) Tache (Large street), (ii) Che (Street), (iii) Hoton (Side street, most developed name of mongolian origin), Kow, and etc., (iv) Fang, Wan., Kan, and etc. (these mean engulfed places). (D) Systems of roads (Fig. 9).: (a) Regular Hoton-system, (b) Irregular system composed of roads of (iii) and (iv) types (c) Pseudo radial system in the south castle
3) The Elevation of Peking _??_pp. 225-230_??_
Peking is called the capital of Sophora which, mixed with other trees such as ulms and willows, make a green ocean when, one views from Chingshan at the north end of the Tzu-chin-chemg palace.
Important descriptions: (A) Residential houses _??_p. 225-_??_, one house-type, Su-ho-fang is illustrated in Fig. 10. (B) Retail streets _??_p. 226-_??_. After the classification of Japan Commercial and Industrial Congress, varieties of shops in. Wong-pu-ching near the Legation quarter re-sembles to Ginza in Tôkyô, showing a cosmopolitan character compared to Dahshi-lan, the most thriving retail centre in Peking, of which shops are almost typical Chinese (Fig. 12).
4) The increase of population from 1925 to 35, is 24.2% and in the year of 1935 it amounts to 1, 573, 200 of which 1.1 million live in the wall and others are in suburbs. Kyôto and Nagoya, one million cities in Japan are able to be compared to Peking-proper, but they show 30.8% and 41.7, increase respectively in the same period. The comparision of occupational population is described in page 231 (see the table), and it shows that Peking has a very small percentage, of manu-facturing population, i. e. 7.7%. In near future Peking will be enlarged in the suburb for the use of manufacture and residence.

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How has Quanjude, a restaurant renowned for its Peking Duck—a local specialty of Beijing—developed in the wake of China’s economic reform? Although Quanjude is classified as a state-owned enterprise, it cannot be considered a brand that has developed only by virtue of this classification.

Should the role of longstanding enterprises be considered similar to that of other state-owned enterprises? Along with many other longstanding enterprises, Quanjude was founded in the Beijing district of Qianmen, which is located in the jurisdiction of the city’s municipal government. Then, how is Quanjude viewed by the Beijing government?

This study attempts to investigate the status given to longstanding enterprises by the Beijing government with reference to the two paradoxes proposed by Martin Whyte (2009) regarding “decentralization of authority” and “a return to matters rejected during the Cultural Revolution.”

With a principal focus on four topics, this study undertook a detailed investigation of a broad range of materials that included statistical yearbooks as well as current articles and journals. It found that (1) brand value is protected as intellectual property through certification as a “China Time-honored Brand,” and this cultural resource is reflected in the policies of the Beijing government. (2) Apart from commercial activities, these enterprises are simultaneously engaged in activities that cannot be considered primarily profit-oriented. Although longstanding enterprises have developed on the basis of the principle of competition, they are grounded in the relationships of “mutual aid” by which large-scale enterprises drive SME firms through partnerships that enable omni-channel marketing through outlets such as brick-and-mortar stores and online shopping. (3) Areas with high concentrations of longstanding enterprises (and thus of tourism resources) represent a shared resource and therefore require certain macro controls that enable them to address the preservation of this resource. (4) Finally, the ownership and governance structure of longstanding enterprises include elements of a conglomerate structure that is conducive to effective policy implementation by the Beijing government.

The Beijing government thus positions longstanding enterprises as both “commercial firms” and a “cultural industry,” while some of these firms also possess properties distinct from those of more conventional state-owned enterprises in terms of how they exercise influence by embodying businesses embedded in the community against a background of history, culture, and politics.

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1.　研究の背景

　　本研究では，北京旧城におけるアーバン・リニューアルの現状を明らかにするとともに，住民構成の変化を考察する。中国の都市政策は，計画経済の下で都心に工場や工場労働者向け住宅が混然と建設された1949年から1980年代［いわゆるタンウェイ制・工人新村時期］，および改革開放政策が進み市場原理のもとでアーバン・リニューアルが進む1990年以降に区分される（潘2021）。

　北京旧城の場合，1990年代以降のアーバン・リニューアルは，以下のように整理できる。①1990年代［老朽化著しい胡同の大規模な取り壊し（図1）］，②2000年代初頭［歴史文化保護区における胡同の改修・保全］，③2015年以降［公房（雑院その他の公営住宅）住民の自主的な転出］。

　①では老朽建造物が強制的に解体されたため，多くの旧住民が転出せざるをえなかった。跡地には高級な大規模住宅団地や公共施設，道路が建設された。②は北京オリンピック開催を念頭に置いた，歴史文化保護区の保全事業である。政府が旧住民に立ち退きを求めることはなかったが，地価の高騰により，自宅を賃貸に回す住民も多かった。賃貸物件には，北京で働く若い地方出身者が多数入居した（何2019）。③では，高額の立ち退き料や郊外でのマンションの提供を条件に，政府が旧住民に自主的な転出を求めている。

2.　研究方法

　　北京市東城区のA地区［外交部街胡同内に位置する公房の雑院および私房（個人所有が認められた団地内の住宅）］を調査対象とし，住民構成の変化を1990年代から遡って全数調査した。特に2015年以降の変化に着目した。外交部街胡同は，天安門広場や

（北京を代表する中心商業地域）に近い胡同である。調査内容は，歴代の住民の出身地や家族構成，部屋の所有の有無，転入・転出の経緯，移転先・移転元などである。

3.　調査結果

　調査の結果，2015年代以降に住民構成が大きく変化していることが明らかとなった。公房（雑院）では，すべての住民が短期間のうちに転出した。空いた公房の今後の用途は不明である。また私房でも，不動産価格や賃貸価格の高騰により，自宅を売却あるいは賃貸に回し，自身は郊外に転居した旧住民が多い。売却された部屋には，会社経営者や大学教授などのいわゆる高額所得者世帯が入居した。地元の名門小学校に子息を通わせるために転入した世帯も見られる。一方，賃貸物件には地方出身の若者たちが共同生活しているケースが目立つ。

［参考文献］

潘藝心2021.中国年における内城／インナーシティとその変容－江蘇省無錫市を事例として―.地域と環境 16:31-60.

何晨2019.北京・什刹海歴史文化保護区における観光要素の変容―北京オリンピック以降の変化―. E-journal GEO 14(2) :364-377.

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Qianlong Jingcheng Quantu, the oldest map of Beijing in the Qianlong period (1750), pictures the various institutional facilities and Beij ing-courtyard houses called Siheyuan in the Inner City of Beijing. The street block which form the whole plan of Beijing are different district by district though they are considered to follow the strict grid pattern. This paper discusses the relationship between neighborhood units and the distribution of wells, gates and small religious temples. Firstly, we distinguish the order of neighborhood units based on the analysis of a literature written in Japan, and then considers the connection of the street blocks and its related facilities. Our previous paper launched the basic model of street block division. We think our hypothesis becomes more valid. This research discusses transformation process of the Beijing-courtyard residences, with following analysis on courtyard subdivision development. This paper aims to illustrate the historical formation and transformation of physical residential environment of Beijing, and to propose a guide to the historic architectural- and environmental conservation.

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