Sexual harassment has three types-Quid Pro Quo, hostile condition of work, and gender discrimination types.
Sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome sexual behavior toward partner or people.
Sexual harassment is abuse of human rights, and is sexual and gender discrimination.
Harm caused by sexual harassment is various from use of words to rape.
Places where sexual harassment can happen are also various.
First, office. Sexual harassment is recognized as happening at office. At Japanese offices, “gray zone” is a special problem. This gray zone is connected with the employment custom in Japanese companies.
This Japanese employment custom is that Japanese companies do not regard working women as equal partners. For example, male bosses and co-workers call a working woman “obasan”, which means middle-aged woman, or “ojousan”, which means miss or young lady. But working women have their own names. Working women must do odd jobs for example, “ochakumi” or making copies.
Second, university or college. Sexual harassment at universities and colleges is called “campus sexual harassment” in Japan.
Probably, the campus sexual harassment is connected with academic harassment in Japan. Academic harassment means harassment by professors. A professor criticizes a student for her or his academic record.
Third, school elementary school, junior high school, and high school. Sexual harassment at schools is called school sexual harassment in Japan. It is no exaggeration to say that school sexual harassment is a big issue in Japan. This issue features even on such magazines as are mostly read by men.
Fourth, sports. Sportswomen are threatened with sexual harassment by their coaches.
Fifth, hospital or medical institutions. In Japan, “power harassment” by doctors becomes a big issue. And sexual harassment by doctors becomes an issue, too.
Sixth, area-neighborhood. Sexual harassment is caused by neighbors.
Seventh, the power of the State jail or prison. In Japan, female prisoners had been raped by keepers in prison for a long time ago. Another problem is the treatment of women in death cells.

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The oxidation of ascorbic acid in vegetable juices during storage was studied.
Various types of vegetable juice were prepared by a household mixer, and the contents of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid were determined by HPLC with post-column conversion. The change in the ascorbic acid content of a vegetable juice during storage differed according to the kind of vegetable.
The oxidation of ascorbic acid in the green pepper juice could be suppressed by a heat treatment and by pH control. The addition of lemon juice, vinegar and milk also suppressed the decrease of ascorbic acid in the various types of vegetable juices.

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　This paper proposes to reconsider the concept of culture in sociology.
　Sociological tradition understands all products of human being as "cultural". Culture is thus regarded as omnipresent in society. This understanding of culture allows sociology to make marginal domains, such as sexuality and mass culture, into its objects of study. But it falls into losing the critical point of view as the place of culture becomes privileged in society.
　In the first phase of this tendency, or what we call "the cultural age," it is noted that the capacity to speak of culture can give one power in society: this is what Pierre Bourdieu calls "cultural capital".
　This concept criticizes the traditional concept of culture in sociology, but it is useful only if a society is relatively stratified. When a society is homogeneous and everything becomes "cultural", the accumulated cultural capital becomes useless. There is no longer any difference among various cultural elements. This is the second phase of "the cultural age". Sociologist has to explain the nature of this new phase in which cultural products become nothing but "noise".
　To interrogate this new problematic of sociology, we propose a concept of "exhibition". In fact the desire to exhibit one's own life is a characteristic of this phase of "the cultural age". Everything can be exhibited, including experience of a crime. Crime is considered not a deviation but a sort of cultural action. The publication of books written by criminals illustrates this tendency. All kinds of experiences can be thus conserved. In this type of society, a traditional question of sociology like "how is the society possible? " has no meaning, because life goes on anyway. In this situation, sociologist is required to create a new sociological theory that allows to analyze this age of exhibition.

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　現在，性の多様性への学校教育での取り組みは，いじめの実態等をふまえ，教育相談や人権教育など教科外で行われることがほとんどである。だが，各教科の教科書には性の多様性が徐々に取り上げられており，教科教育においても性の多様性への取り組みを充実させていく必要がある。こうした問題意識から本稿では，性の多様性にかかわるいじめ防止の一環として，国語科における語彙の質的側面への指導に着目し，性をめぐる多様な見方・考え方の育成について検討した。そして，ジェンダー化された社会構造の視点から学習対象となる語句と，性の多様性をめぐる学習者の多様な背景や価値観とを結ぶことで語彙の質を高め，学習者自身による語彙の再構築を通して，性をめぐる見方や考え方の多様化をめざす学習活動を具体化した。また，こうした語彙指導の提案が，国語科教育を社会変革の場として機能させていくと指摘した。

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トランス当事者の医療ニーズをきっかけにして，1990年代半ば以降にさまざまな支援システムが「医学モデル」で構築されてきた日本は，世界でも稀にみる「性同一性障害大国」である．しかし，WHOの「国際疾病分類」（ICD）が約30年ぶりに大改訂され，最新版であるICD-11においてはトランスであるということが正式に非病理化され，トランス当事者の医療ニーズは「性の健康に関連する状態」という枠組みで対応していくことになった．このことは，日本で唯一のLGBT法ともいえる「性同一性障害者の性別の取扱いの特例に関する法律」のありようにも影響を与える．同法律については「手術要件」の撤廃などをめぐり，国連の改善勧告を受けているところでもある．非病理化と人権モデルの導入は世界的潮流である．トランスジェンダーやジェンダーの多様な人々の人権保障に向けて，国内での議論および対応・対策にも「人権基盤型アプローチ」の起動が求められる．

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目　的

生殖年齢にある20歳代から30歳代の就労男性を対象とし，妊孕性に関する知識の実態と情報ニーズについて明らかにすることである。

方　法

20歳以上40歳未満（2019年4月1日現在）の男性で，妻やパートナーが出産を経験していない500名を対象とし，2020年3月にウェブ調査を実施した。質問項目は，対象者の背景，妊孕性の知識と情報ニーズ，健康で気になること，妊娠・出産の情報源とした。妊孕性の知識は20項目で，齊藤の「不妊知識尺度13の質問」（2014）を許可を得て一部改変し，研究者らが作成した7項目を加えて使用した。記述統計量の算出，背景因子による層別解析，尺度の信頼性・妥当性の検討を行った。東邦大学看護学部倫理審査委員会より承認を得て実施した（承認番号：2019010）。

結　果

分析対象は500名，平均年齢29.8歳（SD=5.5），大学卒業以上60.6%，挙児希望有45.6%，パートナー有21.0%であった。妊孕性知識20項目すべてに「わからない」と回答した98名（19.6%）を分析から除外した結果，正答者割合は，平均42.1%（SD=23.9，最大67.7%，最小19.4%）であった。挙児希望（p=.003），不妊相談経験（p=.01）について有意差があり，年齢・最終学歴・パートナーの有無と関連はなかった。妊孕性知識20項目の信頼性・妥当性は確認された。妊孕性に関する情報ニーズがある人は54.4%で，年齢，食生活，生活習慣のニーズが高かった。健康で気になる項目がある人は42.4%であった。妊娠・出産の情報源は，パートナー，インターネット・SNSであった。

結　論

生殖年齢にある男性の妊孕性知識は，挙児希望や不妊相談の経験の有無により有意差が認められた。今後は男性の妊孕性知識の実態とニーズを踏まえ，情報提供と知識の普及・啓発をしていくことが課題である。

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the process and salient features of the technological learning pursued by private firms in an industrial agglomeration area and to elucidate the impact of this learning on the agglomeration. This industrial agglomeration involves the production of cutlery and other metal housewares, and it was formed in Tsubame, Niigata Prefecture. Since the 1980s, however, the firms in the city have entered new manufacturing fields or have developed new products by pursuing technological learning with the aim of acquiring the necessary technologies. Based on the accumulation of their own metal processing technologies, particularly for stainless products, these firms have attempted to develop new technology through trial and error. To overcome difficult issues that they cannot resolve themselves, the firms have cooperated with outside institutions such as related companies, universities, and official research organizations.

Spatial expansion and diversification have been under way in this technological learning observed in Tsubame. This is because the search for sources for acquiring the technologies themselves has generally tended to expand to firms or universities beyond a particular agglomeration, and extensive activities of information collection to support technological development reflecting new market demand have become dominant. Such extensive and diverse technological learning from outside agents has given rise to the diversification of technologies within this agglomeration area and the enlargement of product variety, resulting in a diversity within this previously homogenous area. Meanwhile, the fact is that the present circumstances of new technology acquisition and new product development have not necessarily led to the growth of the agglomeration area as a whole.

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本論文では､性暴力および親密なパートナーからの暴力を予防することを目的とした､バイスタンダー･アプローチについて検討する｡ Banyard (2015) は社会心理学における援助行動に関する先行研究､｢道徳的勇気｣に関する先行研究､性暴力および親密なパートナーからの暴力に対して行動するバイスタンダーに関する先行研究をもとに､新たな視点を加えた､アクション･コイルモデルを提案している｡ 本論文では､このモデルを概観し､日本での適用と今後の研究課題について明らかにした。

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