This report aims at clarifying the characteristics of rice culture conventionally and traditionally practiced in the Southeast Asian (SEA) archipelago and reconsidering the genealogy of rice culture from the viewpoint of historical development and distribution of farming practices and rice-growing techniques specific to the rice culture in the archipelago.
In Chapter 1, based on the regional variation in farming practices and rice-growing techniques, Asian rice culture is typologically classified into three major types, namely, the Indian type, the Chinese type, and the Malayan type. Most typical sequence of the practices and techniques for each type can be summarized as follows. (1)For the Indian type, a sequence consisting of land preparation with a plow and a harrow drawn by two cattle; broadcasting in dry fields; intertillage and weeding with a harrow; harvesting with a sickle having a long, crooked, serrated blade; and threshing by beating bundles of rice or by cattle-trampling. (2) For the Chinese type, land prepartation with a plow and a harrow drawn by one cattle; transplanting seedlings; manual weeding with various tools; harvesting with a sickle having a crescent-shaped blade; and threshing by beating. And (3) for the Malayan type, land preparation by various methods like puddling with an oar-shaped spade, cattle- trampling and human-foot-trampling, and a non-tillage method by which grasses are just cut with a long scythe-like tool; various methods of sowing or transplanting like dibbling with a stick, transplanting by punching holes with a short stick, and broadcasting in wet fields; manual weeding; harvesting panicles with a reaping knife; and threshing by foot-trampling or by pounding in a mortar. Based on the comparison of these ...
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