1. Progress and stagnation of the ideas on Green Space Conservation after the war
1) Securing Open Space on the reconstruction plan
The feature of open space acquisition in the disordered period after the war was that the funder, mental policy indicated the more than 10% of city area as open space reservation. It was a great progress compared with the 3% of occupancy of Plot Planning Standard before the war.
Based on the fundermental policy, Open Space Plan of 10 million Tsubo (3, 300ha) was prepared by Mr. Ishikawa and other members in Tokyo. In that plan, total area of open space was approximately 9, 700, 000 Tsubo, comprising 34 places with the total length of 160km.
2) Green Space Zone provided by Special City Planning Act
Total area, 54, 480, 000 Tsubo (18, 010ha) of green space zone was designed outside of above mentioned open space by the Act for the purpose of 1) control of expanding cities, 1) conservation and provision of recreation for the people of cities, 3) maintenance of agricultural zone.
3) Stagnation of Green Space Strategy
Embodiment of Open Space secured by the reconstruction plan and Green Space Zone designated by Special City Planning Act were likely to occure the establishment of Green Space System. In 1949, however, the postwar construction plan was re-examined and reduced in scale to dismiss the acquisition of 10% green space. Green Space Zone has been gradually reduced its scale by the mid 1950's.
2. The movement of Open Space Conservation
In 1949, the construction of a baseball ground by reclaiming the Pond Shinobazu in Ueno Park gave rise to a big debate. People who encouraged the construction plan were mainly the people concerned with athletics such as the committee of International Baseball Ground Construction. Opposite side were City Beautification Association, Open Space Association and City Planning Association. With the effort of these organization, the Pond Shinobazu was restored to maintain its existance.
3. Hama Villa Garden and Arterial Street
In 1953, the route of passing through the edge of Hama Villa Garden was proposed on Arterial Street Plan. Many landscape Architects opposed against the route plan and insisted on its change. Although this problem was solved by chaning the route of the plan the lack of recognition of people concerned showed the serious problem about cultural property.
4. Enactment of City Park Act
In 1956, the first City Park Act of our country was enacted, though its movement has been already undertaken for a half century. The main objectives of enacting the Act were 1) to maintain parks, 2) to define the right of park management. This Act also adopted the area of 6m2 person for the standard of provision of parks. It must be mentioned that Mr. A. Satoh made a great contribution toward the enactment of the Act.
5. Civic movement of“Flower and green campaign”
In 1955, “HANA-IPPAI”civic movement, advocated by Mr. I. Komatsu in Matsumoto City was started and was gradually spread all over the country. From the latter half of 1950's, National Conference was taken place and began its activity. Now the Conference is held once a year.

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With industrialization, which originated from the Industrial Revolution, and with development of transport facilities, urban population showed a remarkable increase. In England and Wales, the urban population was about 20 percent of the whole at the beginning of 19th century, but it increased to 80 percent at the beginning of 20th century. Ever since the population ratio of urban of rural districts has remained almost unchanged, notwithstanding the increase in total population.
In those times when the urban population increased rapidly, “urban environment” was taken up as an important problem. The Public Health Act and Acts concerning Housing of the Working Class were carried into execution. The administrative organization was reformed simultaneously. When the urban population was nearly maximum, E. Howard put forward a doctrine for Garden City, that afterwards led to the fundamental principles of metropolis planning. Urban areas kept on sprawling together with automobile development. The Greater London Plan and the County of London Plan to distribute the population were proposed in view of making up London Conurbation as an ideal urban region. These plans, covering the road program for motorization of the city, were developed into the reconstruction basis of London in the immediate post-war years. As the results, establishment of green belts and construction of new towns along with Howard's idea of Garden City were brought to realization.
These plans, grounded on a great deal of researches made by various committees, were the best for that time. But the population distribution program turned out fruitless because of rapid growth of employment in London region, so far as to be criticized “The Greater London plan of 1944 was prepared in restrictionist mood on premises inherited from a period of economic depression, ……it was based on the assumption that there would be a stationary population, economy and culture. It has hardly been a suitable framework for the guidance of development in a period of expansion.” The Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London stated, “We have no hesitation in finding as a fact that the presuppositions of the Greater London Plan requir early reconsideraticn.” It is noteworthy that this Commission assume that the Green Belt Policy will be maintained and the boundary of the Review Area runs mainly through the Green Belt. Although there were criticism against the Green Belt Policy, millions of pounds have been spent by the Government on compensation and the green belt expansion overtures have been made. This proves how inveterat ely the Green Belt Policy in England has been framed to date.

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1956～1965年に近郊地帯(グリーンベルト)が計画された北多摩地域において、都市拡大に対応した緑地施策を公園計画、農地転用規制、団地計画の側面から調査・分析し、以下の5点を明らかにした。1）都市膨張抑制のため市街地を囲むものと、東西方向の自然資源を保全するものの二種類の地域制緑地施策が計画された。2）近郊地帯を農業地帯とする目的に対し農業振興施策がなく、住宅への転用促進策を行っていた。3）団地が自然資源を避けて計画され、現在緑のストックとなっていた。4）社寺、グラウンド等に多くの都市計画公園が決定され、新しい風致地区が指定される等近郊地帯の影響により北多摩地域の公園緑地計画の基礎が築かれた。

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This report reviews the history of studies of rural settlement, and rural planning in the field of the landscape architecture.
This was already a important theme when the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architect (JILA) was started. Until 1960, there were few studies of rural planning as compared to the abundant studies of open space in urban areas and natural parks. In this report, the author reviewed several famous books of landscape architecture that were published between 1960 and 1970. When the IFLA (International Federation of Landscape Architect) congress was held in Tokyo, their book was also published. This book reconsiders the traditional rural landscape very well. Then after, was closed upthe problem withthe open space inruralarea through the decrease of naturalenvironment and the urbanization.
Between 1965 and 1969 there were some topics related to Hachirogata Rural Developing. After 1970, the following issues became dominant 72 Journal of Rural Planning Association Vol. 2, No. 2, 1983. 9
* the problem of mixed living and open space
* the meaning of a windbreak small forests and copse
* landscape management through ecological landscape studies.
Between 1975 and 1979 the field expanded into environmental planning, the consideration of green, open space in general rural planning sphere. After 1980, many studies were increasingly concerned with the diminution of natural resources, e. g. an investigation into the actual condition of green space in rural districts, rural consolidation and the land embellishment in West-Germany.
In the future we must investigate the traditional use of green space in rural areas, the functions of green space, and classification of these areas.
The following considerations are necessary for the studies in another field
* rural district consolidation with a plan
* function of green space in the rural area
* landscape maintenance in rural districts and rural area
* the conservation of the natural habitat.

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1. Urbanization and Green Conservation
The Japanese economy entered the high growth rate period from the reconstruction period during 15years from the mid-1950's and many cities expanded rapidly during this period. However, thoughts and measures for green conservation did not grow at a fast rate during this period. Rather, priority was given to productivity of ecnomy and time passed while thoughts and measures on green conservation were still in a perplexed and confused condition.
The first feature of urbanization in the 1960's was construction of large-scale residential spaces and the method of development was such that high efficiency transformation from green space to residential space was left to the ability of technicians. Senri, Kohri, Tokiwadaira, Makomanai and Ohasa are new towns which were developed during this period but measures for green space wer not suffiicient in all of these.
The second feature is that new industrial cities and industrial belts were developed in the coastal areas from 1963.(next issue)
2. Industry and Highways, and Green Conservation
Historical parks and gardens have been lost by construction of industrial lands and municipal highways. In Yokohama, the Sankeien Garden wich commanded a view of the sea became isolated in the midst of industrial land. And in Osaka, the seabathing beach disappeared from Hamadera Park as a result of construction of industrial land by reclamation.
In Tokyo, the edge of Shirogane educational Nature Garden was cut off by construction of the Metropolitan Highway and also, plants in the garden have been damaged by automobile emission gas.
3. Laws Related with Green Conservation
The government enacted laws for presernation of trees and conservation of green space zones but the contents of these laws were only passive measures.

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本研究は1947年に設立され、日本都市計画学会が創設される1951年頃まで活発に活動した都市計画研究連絡会に着目し、日本における都市計画研究の組織化の重要なプロセスを解明することを目的とする。新たに発掘した史料に基づく検証の結果として、都市計画研究連絡会の活動はまさに組織化の試みであったこと、しかし、実態として、連絡会の主な参加者は在京の官庁・大学関係者、建設系の研究者という二重の限定性があったことを指摘した。また、連絡が刊行した「都市計画研究課題目録」の分類と課題数の推移を追うことで、二途探求志向、要素還元志向、文理融合志向、輸入学習志向といった当時の都市計画学の特徴、「住宅」や「海外文献」、「地方計画・国土計画」に研究課題が集中する傾向、さらにはそうした動向に対する課題認識を明らかにした。

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