The first author, who was a female discus thrower at university, often lost confidence in kinesthetic consciousness during the first turn (FT) of discus throwing, which led to a degradation in performance. The purpose of the present paper is to report efforts to clarify and realize kinesthetic consciousness for improving discus throw skills by focusing on the FT and the ground reaction force (GRF). Monitoring the GRF offered the following advantages:1. By determining the relationship between the three directional components of the GRF and kinesthetic consciousness, it was possible to establish the degree of kinesthetic consciousness along each of these directions.2. By considering this relationship, it was found that discus thrower was able to distinguish be tween premonition (intention) and intuition (feeling), and discover a hitherto unnoticed sense of kinesthetic consciousness.It goes without saying that the applicability of these findings depends on the specific individual. However, it may be possible for other discus throwers to reflect deeply on kinesthetic consciousness while referring to the GRF. Thus, the GRF may be a good cue for establishing kinesthetic consciousness. However, the use of GRF may not be necessary in some cases if a strong sense of kinesthetic consciousness is already present.

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  The present study was conducted to examine the most effective takeoff movement for the Rebound Long Jump Test (RLJ test) under high-speed conditions. This test is designed to evaluate the ability to perform the ballistic stretch-shortening cycle movement for unilateral horizontal jump events on the basis of the RLJ index (RLJ index (m/s)=Jumping distance (JD (m))/Contact time (CT (s)). Subjects jump from a 0.1-m-high step to the ground after an approach run (falling jump), followed by jumping without interruption for as far as possible (propulsive jump). Eleven male college track-and-field athletes performed the RLJ test, and the RLJ index was calculated. On the basis of the average value of the RLJ index, the athletes were assigned to an upper level group (RLJ index>mean value) or a lower level group (RLJ index<mean value), and the takeoff movement of upper level group was considered the effective takeoff movement. The results suggested that it was important to minimize the rotation angle of the body, and to use a faster rotation velocity. This was achieved by 1) increasing the movement distance and velocity in the direction of the forward movement of the swing leg in the air, 2) minimizing the rotation angle of the foot and shank segment, and increasing that of the thigh segment during the initial phase, and 3) accelerating the rotation angle of the thigh segment again and swinging the swing-leg forward and up during the latter phase. These results suggest that the RLJ test and RLJ index provide a measure of the takeoff movement technique in terms of pre-rotation moment, the mechanism of rotation of the lower limb segment, and the swing moment of the swing leg.

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本研究では，足関節のテーピングによる固定と局所疲労課題がバウンディングパフォーマンスと下肢関節の挙動に与える影響を検討した．12名の大学生アスリートを対象に2歩のバウンディングジャンプを行わせ，最初に踏み出す足を分析足として跳躍距離，接地時間，足・膝・股関節角度，骨盤の挙動，地面反力，筋電図を測定した．一元配置分散分析を用いて，コントロール条件，テーピング条件，足関節底屈筋疲労条件の3条件で比較した．その結果，テーピング条件と足関節底屈筋疲労条件でバウンディングの跳躍距離は低下し，下肢関節の代償動作が確認された．ジャンプパフォーマンスにとって足関節の可動性と筋機能を確保することは重要であることが示唆された．

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between 20m sprint time and repetition maximum of bench press, power clean and full squat on male student jumpers. Subjects were 28 male student jumpers (Age：20.2±0.8 years，Height：1.76±0.06 m，Body Weight：66.2±5.6kg). Results were summarized as follows; 1. There were no significant correlation between 20m sprint time and repetition maximum of bench press and power clean. Moreover, there were no significant correlation between 20m sprint time and body weight ratio of repetition maximum of bench press and power clean. 2. There were significant correlation between 20m sprint time and repetition maximum and body weight ratio of repetition maximum of full squat. From the above results, it was suggested that hip joint flexion ability of full squat as reflecting Gluteus strength was more important to short sprint time of male student jumpers than the upper body strength of bench press and hip joint flexion ability of power clean.

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The purpose of this study was to reveal the underlying inconsistency of the difficulty element of jump performance in competative aerobic gymnastics. Aerobic gymnastics have diverted a lot of jump elements from men & women’s artistic gymnastics but athletes are going competitions having different sense of the rules. Especially, there are many differences in jump elements difficulty scores and if athletes want to score higher marks, their jumps would be same. Not only judge but also the International Gymnastics Federation(FIG) do not desire this situation and it is not appropriate difficulty limitation for juniors. It would be possible to develop short and long term in scoring competitive sports by having interviews with FIG technical committee. Rule suitability and training methods are very important for performance enhancement and this study would help these subjects.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of plyometric training on longdistance runners by comparing changes in long-distance running performance and vertical stiffness. The subjects were seven males long-distance student runners who formed part of the training group and six males who formed part of the control group. The training group performed plyometric training twice a week for eight weeks. The training consisted of one set of ten repetitions of rebound jumps (RJ), 40m of bounding exercise, and 60m of relaxed running. The entire process was repeated five times a day. To even up the amount of exercise between the training and control groups, control group did 100m of relaxed running at the same schedules. Besides this difference in plyometric training, the training and control groups performed the same training.
The main results were as follows:
1) With regard to vertical stiffness in RJ and standing quintuple jumps, the performance of the training group improved significantly.
2) The performance of the training group improved significantly with regard to vertical stiffness in long-distance running.
3) Although 5000m race time for the training and control groups reduced significantly, there was no difference between groups.
These results suggested that it was possible to improve vertical stiffness in various jumps (RJ and standing quintuple jumps) and vertical stiffness in long-distance running through plyometric training. However, the plyometric training did not further improve the long-distance running performance.

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Diet plays an important role in the maintenance of athlete condition and performance. However, collegiate athletes rarely receive adequate dietary education in Japan. Here, we assessed associations between food intake and intake frequency for 10 food groups in order to confirm that simple questions relating to intake frequency can provide diverse information about food intake in collegiate athletes.

A total of 123 collegiate athletes (67 males) completed a food frequency questionnaire and a non-consecutive 3-day, 24-hour dietary recall relating to the following food groups : meat, fish/shellfish, eggs, milk and dairy products, soy and soy products, seaweed, potatoes, green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, and fruits. Frequencies were as follows : almost never, one or twice a week, every other day, and every day. The Jonckheere-Terpstra test, Goodman and Kruskal’s gamma, and weighted matching coefficient kappa were used to assess associations. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare food intake by frequency. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Energy-adjusted intakes were positively associated with frequencies for each food group, with the exception of potatoes (median gamma, 0.27 ; median kappa, 0.79). Comparing intakes of every day or not, significant differences were observed for fish/shellfish, eggs, milk and dairy products, soy and soy products, and other vegetables.

Our findings suggest that simple questions relating to intake frequency can provide diverse information about food intake in collegiate athletes.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a training program employing differential learning, based on biomechanical data from previous research. Seven male college rugby players (age: 19.9±1.3 years; height: 1.70±0.04 m; weight: 77.9±8.2 kg) participated. The training program consisted of 36 punt kicks targeting three distances (35 m, 50 m, and maximum distance) and incorporated variations in approach angle (straight, diagonal), approach velocity (fast, slow), and motion variations (smaller or larger last steps, Vertical jumping on the support foot). Pre and post training performance tests involved punt kicks to targets (tackle bag) set 35 m and 50 m from the try line, as well as maximum distance punts. Three-dimensional coordinates data were collected using a motion capture system (11 cameras, 250 Hz). Post-training, swing speed during maximum kicks slightly decreased (pre: 19.3±0.8 m/s; post: 19.0±0.6 m/s), while ball velocity increased (pre: 24.9±1.3 m/s; post: 26.0±2.2 m/s). A subset of participants (2 out of 7) showed a decrease in the distance between the ball landing point and the target for the 35 m and 50 m kicks. These findings indicate that differential learning-based training can improve punt kicking performance by increasing ball velocity and kicking accuracy. However, further investigation is needed to develop training programs that can also increase swing speed.

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    This study aimed to establishing a method of analyzing the motor form of emergence embodied knowledge pertaining to “Off-the-ball movement” in goal-type ball games. The reason is that, because of the features of the ball games played as part of school physical education, game players are engaged in “Off-the-ball movement” for a much longer time than “on the ball skill”. The learning achievements are the formation of kinesthesia enabling motion according to a game situation.
    The subject of our study is the teaching of football, which 65 students. For the survey, we employed a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions made for each area of emergence embodied knowledge and 3 questions for description entry using a phenomenological method. These answers were interpreted by one aspect of sympathy in human science. Student was a subject of the study had been immature in understanding kinesthesia in the beginning of the lesson and was faced with her own kinesthesia through motor program onto others. Moreover, during practice, after having lecture related to her strategic actions, she was able to recall her past kinesthesia and was oriented to put it into an appropriate form. After that she converted her kinesthesia into a form of “Off-the-ball movement” according to the situation she was faced with. Furthermore, by applying this form to other game situations, she acquired her embodied knowledge. We succeeded in submitting the method of analyzing the motor form of emergence embodied knowledge pertaining to “Off-the-ball movement”.

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