Substitution was performed with Ca²⁺ and Zn²⁺ in the Al³⁺ site of CuAlO₂. We investigated the influence of substitution on thermoelectric properties. Power factors were the highest near 850 K for the samples of (6.8×10⁻⁵ Wm⁻¹K⁻²), (7.4×10⁻⁵ Wm⁻¹K⁻²), CuAlO₂ (6.6×10⁻⁵ Wm⁻¹K⁻²).

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　カンキツ果実の細胞間隙体積（V_in）を測定し，これを簡便に推定する方法を確立することを目的に，8品種のサイズの異なるカンキツを対象にした質量（m），縦および横径（vd, hd），体積（V_t），真密度（P_t）の測定を行った。間隙体積は品種毎の値を示したが，一つの品種においては果実のサイズに依存した。すなわち，サイズが大きい果実ほど間隙体積は大きかった。しかしながら，間隙率（Ø）ではその傾向が顕著ではなかった。間隙体積を簡便に推定する方法として得られた V_in=Vt－m/1.0647の推定モデルは，実測値との間にそれぞれ高い決定係数（

.），EF値（.），IA値（.），t検定値（0.365）を示した。これより，得られた推定モデルは，カンキツ果実の間隙体積を推定するために適用できるものと考えた。

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The randomness of a binary random number sequence shall be quantitatively defined by the entropy per tuple of the binary random number sequence.
This paper presents an entropy measuring device and a generator, which is constructed by combining M-sequence with noise, of high-speed binary random numbers. The randomness of the binary random number sequence is measured and the statistical mechanism of the generation of binary random numbers is investigated.
Experimental results show that the decrease of randomness results from the high-speed of generation of binary random numbers. However, it has become clear that the speed of binary random number sequence can be made higher without loss of its randomness only by making the speed of generation of M-sequence higher. The relation between frequency and randomness (entropy per tuple) of the binary random numbers described in this paper is as follows:
frequency 30kc/s 60kc/s 120kc/s 240kc/srandomness . . 0.993 0.735

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　The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of exertion patterns in vertical ground reaction force (GRF), electromyogram (EMG) and stand parameters during a stand movement from a chair. The subjects stood from different height chairs, which corresponded to their lower leg length. Ten healthy young males (age 23.0 ± 2.10 yr, height 174.9 ± 4.23 cm, weight 73.0 ± 13.79 kg, lower leg length 45.9 ± 1.71 cm) were selected. Twenty-eight parameters (GRF: 18, EMG: 10) were selected to evaluate the stand movement.

　Each cross correlation between two trials of exertion pattern in GRF and EMG was very high (No work load: GRF; r =0.938-

., EMG; r = 0.731-.; Work load: GRF; r = 0.959-0.998, EMG; r = 0.726-.).

　The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of stand parameters of GRF and EMG were 0.913 ± 0.119 and 0.949 ± 0.109 with no work load, and 0.776 ± 0.221 and 0.886 ± 0.221 with work load, respectively (ICC = Mean ± SD).

　From the above, the reliability of exertion patterns in GRF and EMG at each condition was very high. Because almost ICCs in stand parameters were high (ICC 0.75) and little significant difference between two trials was observed, we judged that the reliability of stand parameters was acceptable. However, some parameters with lower reliability were observed in the beginning and completion phases of stand movement with a work load condition.

　The reliability of exertion patterns of GRF, EMG and stand parameters during a stand movement was mostly high. Therefore, the possibility of further examination was suggested.

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Using HS·GC, We have succeeded in simultaneous determination of Ac, MeOH and MEK in urine without any complicated pretreatment or correction by internal standard. Moreover, in order to lower the detection limits of these materials, study was made on the salting out effect using 14 kinds of salts. As pretreatment, 2.0 ml of urine, 3.0 g of sodium sulfate and small sized magnetic stirrer are put into vial, which is sealed by septum. This is then heated for 10 min in warm bath of 50°C. In order to dissolve the added salts as much as possible, the specimen is stirred by the stirrer. After cooling the liquid to room temperature, the specimen is analysed by HS·GC. The results showed that sodium sulfate was excellent synthetically.
1) Using the urine of workers not exposed to organic solvents three kinds of urine having specific gravity of 1.010, 1.024 and 1.034 were prepared and mixed standard organic solvents (Ac, MeOH and MEK) were added. Recovery percentages and coefficients of variation were calculated. The results showed that recovery percentages ranged from 92.0 to 101.7% and coefficients of variation from 0.2 to 4.6%.
2) The regression equations of standard curves were satisfactory with y=9053x-200 (r=., n=12) for Ac, y=801x-400 (r=., n=12) for MeOH, and y=15488x-277 (r=., n=12) for MEK.
3) The detection limits calculated by IUPAC formula were 0.0092 mg/l for Ac, 0.11 mg/l for MeOH and 0.0063 mg/l for MEK.
These results indicated that this method is superior to other methods because the pretreament is very simple, specificity is excellent, analysis by standard curves is possible, and this method is not affected by specific gravity of the urine.

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A portable device for long-term monitoring of oxygen uptake without discomfort has been developed based on a flow-through principle. The oxygen content of the exhaust gas was kept constant by a servo-controlled blower, so that the flow rate was essentially proportional to the oxygen uptake. This system was evaluated by both a bench test and in exercising human subjects. The limiting current-type oxygen sensor used this portable device produced results which were in good agreement those obtained using a zirconia oxygen sensor (r= .), and stable values were obtained for at least 15 h. The response time for a stepped oxygen change was 4 s. The air flow rate produced by the blower was proportional to the supplied voltage. The results using a time-of-flight flowmeter were highly correlated with those for a hot-wire anemometer (r=, ) . The oxygen uptake of exercising human subjects measured with this portable device showed good agreement with that obtained by a conventional oxygen monitor (r=0.973 for cycle ergometer, r=0, 932 for treadmill) . This portable device was able to measure oxygen uptake in subjects during daily activities, and also while driving a car, without disturbance.

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[Purpose] The present study aimed to demonstrate the following by using measurements for the definite angles provided by the digital protractor: inter-rater reliability and validity in radiograph measurements and smartphone application measurements. [Subjects and Methods] The subject angles were 26 angles between 15° and 180° that were selected randomly using a computer. Three examiners measured the angles using the radiograph and smartphone application. The radiograph was obtained at a position 250 cm from the chest shooting cassette holder. The smartphone photograph was obtained at positions 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 cm from the holder. [Results] Under all conditions, intra-class correlation coefficients showed

.. The correlation coefficient was . for all conditions. The mean absolute difference to the protractor was ≤0.28° for all conditions. [Conclusion] In comparison with the protractor, radiograph measurements and smartphone application measurements, the results of the present study showed high inter-rater reliability, validity, and small error. The results indicated that radiograph and smartphone application measurements could be used as criteria of validity in angle measurements. It supported the legitimacy of high-quality previous studies that used radiograph measurements as a criterion for validity.

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In the measurement of cosmic rays on board aeroplanes, it is essentially important to provide suitable devices. A portable Si ionization chamber fulfill the demand because it is cheap, compact and easy to handle. Another type of candidate, a wristwatch type detector with a GM tube, appeared very recently. Its performances are rather poor than the Si type, especially for short distance flights, but are satisfactory when it flies over long distances like Narita-Paris. Correlation coefficient between the GM- and Si-detector is as good as . in such long distance flights. The shortest flight for safe usage of the GM-detector would be at least 4,000km, which is like Narita-Bangkok. [J Radiat Res 44:417 (2003)]

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A zero-crossing first-derivative spectrophotometric method is applied for the simultaneous determination of naphazoline hydrochloride and antazoline phosphate in eye drops. The measurements were carried out at wavelengths of 225 and 252 nm for naphazoline hydrochloride and antazoline phosphate, respectively. The method was found to be linear (r²>.) in the range of 0.2—1 μg/ml for naphazoline hydrochloride in the presence of 5 μg/ml antazoline phosphate at 225 nm. The same linear correlation (r²>.) was obtained in the range of 1—10 μg/ml of antazoline phosphate in the presence of 0.5 μg/ml of naphazoline hydrochloride at 252 nm. The limit of determination was 0.2 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml for naphazoline hydrochloride and antazoline phosphate, respectively. The method was successfully used for simultaneous analysis of naphazoline hydrochloride and antazoline phosphate in eye drops without any interference from excipients and prior separation before analysis.

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Derivative spectrophotometry offers a useful approach for the analysis of drugs in multi-component mixtures. In this study a third-derivative spectrophotometric method was used for simultaneous determination of cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol using the zero-crossing technique. The measurements were carried out at wavelengths of 316 and 226 nm for cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol respectively. The method was found to be linear (r²>.) in the range of 0.5—6 mg/100 ml for cyproterone acetate in the presence of 35 μg/100 ml ethinylestsradiol at 316 nm. The same linear correlation (r²>.) was obtained in the range of 10—80 μg/100 ml of ethinylestradiol in the presence of 2 mg/100 ml of cyproterone acetate at 226 nm. The limit of determination was 0.5 mg/100 ml and 10 μg/100 ml for cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol respectively. The method was successfully applied for simultaneous determination of cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol in pharmaceutical preparations without any interferences from excipients.

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Accuracy of cavity-gas calibration factors N_gas for ionization chambers using high-energy photon and electron beams from a linear accelerator was evaluated by comparing with in-air calibration using a ⁶⁰Co beam. For in calibration with a linear accelerator, fluctuations in beam energy and output, and changes in beam flatness and symmetry become important problems. To overcome these problems, we investigated a new method with a tip-to-tip calibration procedure in a phantom and with an exchange between a calibrated PTW-Farmer chamber and a calibration Fanner chamber. For the 8 PTW-chambers (with acrylic wall), N_gas ratios and the uncertainties (2 SD) of the improved in-phantom calibration for the in-air ⁶⁰Co calibration were .± 0.005 for a ⁶⁰Co beam,1.000 ± 0.005 for 4 MV x-rays,. ± 0.005 for 10 MV x-rays, and 0.998 ± 0.006 for 15 MeV electrons, respectively. The uncertainties (2 SD) in N_gas ratios among beam energies were within ±0.3%. On the other hand, for 2 NE-chambers (with graphite wall), the deviations among the beam energies were observed because of errors of the physical data for the wall correction factors P_wall. Therefore, it was concluded that when the discrepancies in P_wall values do not occur, from the results for the PTW -chambers, the accuracy of our calibra tion method for ionization chambers with a linear accelerator is equivalent to the in-air ⁶⁰Co calibration.

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Irradiation of mixed crystals AgBr_1−xCl_x (x=., 0.99, 0.98) with blue light at 4.2 K produces the complexes (AgCl₆)⁴⁻ and (AgBrCl₅)⁴⁻. The observed intensities of (AgCl₆)⁴⁻ and (AgBrCl₅)⁴⁻ ESR spectra for these crystals show that, even at 4.2 K, holes produced by irradiation move to near Ag sites having Br ions as ligands, forming (AgBrCl₅)⁴⁻.

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キャピラリー電気泳動を用いて血漿 nitrite, nitrate 濃度を測定した. キャピラリーは65cm×75μmの fused-silica 型のものを用い, 電圧は20kV, 検出波長は214nmとした. 泳動バッファーは5%NICE-Pak OFM Anion-BTを含む750mM NaClとした. 血液は, 採血後1000g, 5分間遠心分離して, 血漿を-80℃で保存した. 血漿は測定前にフィルターし, 濾液の20μlを使用した.
nitrite 濃度と泳動ピークの面積は正の相関を示し, その回帰式はy=1425+8261xでr²=.であった. nitrate 濃度と泳動ピークの面積も同様に正の相関を示し, その回帰式はy=1417+8416xでr²=.であった. 41名の健康成人の静脈血 nitrite, nitrate 濃度はそれぞれ, 0.15±0.07mg/l, 3.20±1.60mg/lであった. 敗血症, 亜硝酸ナトリウム投与, クモ膜下出血後の3症例の経過中に nitrite, nitrate を測定し, 病態により血漿中 nitrate が変化することがわかった. 以上より, キャピラリー電気泳動による血漿中 nitrite, nitrate 測定は, 集中治療患者のモニターとして有用と思われる.

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Purpose: Registration accuracy is vital for digital workflows because misalignment increases errors. This study explores the effects of registration methods, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image quality, and number of registration points (NRP).

Methods: All participants underwent intraoral and CBCT scanning. In Section 1, registration included four groups: three points, two points and one surface, one point and two surfaces, and three surfaces. In Section 2, after grouping the registrations on the basis of image quality (high, medium, or low), clinicians performed calibration trials. In Section 3, the NRP was increased from two to seven points. Deviations were measured by evaluating the anatomical landmarks (including the cusp tips, central fossae, and ends of the developmental grooves).

Results: Significant differences were observed in the registration methodologies (P < 0.001), with deviations increasing from 257.0 μm (group 3 points) to 479.3 μm (group 3 surfaces). Calibration precision improved proportionally with enhanced CBCT image quality. Deviations significantly decreased from 314.4 μm (low quality) to 237.6 μm (high quality; P < 0.001). Increasing the NRP from two to four points reduced the deviations from 375.4 to 228.2 μm; however, further increasing the NRP beyond four points yielded no significant improvement (P >

., P > ., P = 0.152).

Conclusions: Clinicians should prioritize point-based registration to improve accuracy. High CBCT image quality significantly improves accuracy. Increasing the NRP beyond four points demonstrates no statistically significant reduction in deviation.

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A method for the determination of glycyrrhizin in liquorice roots and its preparation was devised by the use of a high-speed liquid chromatography. Separation can be achieved within 12 min employing a 1-m column packed with Permaphase AAX pellicular anion exchanger, using gradient from H₂O to 0.05M NaClO₄ solution as an eluant in a Du Pont LC 830 liquid chromatograph. Accuracy in this method was found to be less than ±1.5%, with the relation Y=0.856X-0.538, and a relative coefficient of ..

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A numerical analysis is presented for laminar free-convection condensation of saturated vapors of water and carbon dioxide on a vertical flat surface in the reduced temperature range T_s/T_c=0.990∼.. The heat transfer coefficient in the region T_s/T_c<0.998 can be correlated by using Nusselt's equation for constant physical properties when the representative physical properties are evaluated at the film temperature. The reduction of condensation mass flux or the heat flux at the vapor-liquid interface due to the convection term in the film is expressed as a function of the phase change number with the average isobaric specific heat.

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Samples are solidified with paraffin (mp 68-70C) to eliminate the effect of bubbles which decrease analytical precision. And the sulfur contents are analysed by the measurements of radiation intensity of sulfur.
Standard samples are prepared by the dissolution of TTD (Tetraethyl Thiuram Disulfide) in melted paraffin and then solidified by cooling. Linear calibration curve is given for sulfur. The relative standard deviation of measurements for ten samples is about 1% and the coefficient of correlation for chemical analysis is ..
Solid samples are stable for repeated measurements.
Time required for the analysis of one sample is about 20 minutes.

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A spectrophotometric analytical method for the determination of aldioxa (AL), an anti-peptic ulcer agent, in pharmaceutical preparations has been established. Hydrolysis of AL gives allantoic acid (AA) which is transformed into glyoxylic acid (GA) in the presence of hydrochloric acid. GA reacts with phenylhydrazine to form Shiff base, glyoxylic acid phenylhydrazone (GAP), which has an absorption maximum at 335 nm. The correlation coefficient between the absorbance and amount of AL was ., and the coefficient of variation 0.33-0.63%. This method is considered to be useful for the routine analysis of AL in pharmaceutical preparations.

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Pressure drop through a porous material set in a circular tube was measured experimentally using air as a working fluid. A fiber was constructed by a thin copper wire (d_w=0.5mm). The porosity ε was from 0.98 to . and Reynolds number from 2000 to 1500. Usually, the characteristic length of porous material is wire diameter or particle diameter. However, in porous material with high porosity the hydraulic length including tube wall and porous material was proposed as a characteristic length in place of wire diameter.

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A numerical analysis is presented for laminar forced-convection condensation of saturated vapors of water and carbon dioxide on a flat surface in the reduced temperature range T_S/T_C=0.990∼.. The heat transfer coefficient in the region T_S/T_C<0.998 can be correlated by using Fujii and Uehara's equation for constant physical properties when the representative physical properties are evaluated at the film temperature. The reduction of condensation mass flux or the heat flux at the vapor-liquid interface due to the convection term in the film is expressed as a function of the phase change number with the average isobaric specific heat.

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