As the 2-nd survey at Aoki, the authors observed max. and min. air temperature for forty days in July and August, 1952. The results obtained are as follows.
(1) The distribution of max. temp. has same tendency throughout four seasons. That is, it is much influenced by direction and gradient of inclination, width of valley, and etc. But on a cloudy or rainy day, it accords with law of air temperature decrease. (c. f. Fig. 1)
(2) The distribution of the min. temp. accords with law of air temp. decrease on a cloudy or rainy day, and is fairly complicate on a fine day. It has, however, the very opposite tendency of winter. That is to say, the min. temp. is higher at low place than at high , in . (c. f. Fig. 2)
(3) It decreases diurnal range of air temp. from mid. of June to August to exist paddy field largely. (c. f. Tab. 1)

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The purpose of the discussion is to illustrate the practical image of enhancement of the risk management framework with forward looking risk measurements for asset management companies, not for banks or brokerage firms or life insurance companies. After the GFC (Global Financial Crisis) such as the failure of Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) taken

in of 1998 and Lehman collapsed in 2008, some regulators encouraged the asset management companies to be more focused on forward looking risk measurement tools and how to utilize them for the risk governance in the organization in line with the rules. I would like to draw some risk management practices as the collection of best practices from the booklet "Risk-focused Industry Meeting Series: Asset Management: Looking Forward" edited by Securities and Futures commission of Hong-Kong which pulled individual asset management real-life practices together. I would also try to explore some fields with good potential contributed from quantitative technology and artificial intelligent developments.

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Many water problems in a river area, such as the shortage of water, water pollution etc., are occasioned by the urbanization and the increase of water demand in addition to agricultural water use. To solve these water problems, an integrated water management in the watershed both in terms of water quality and quantity is needed. The final objective of this study is to develop the integrated water management system for the Onga area. Water problem analysis is a first important step for analyzing water policy and the integrated management system. As a first step of this study, the water problems of the Onga River are analyzed based on the observed data of the water quality of the river for the last twenty years. It is clearly shown that eutrophication in the estuary reservoir takes in season, especially in the low flow rate period. The BOD concentrations in the reservoir increase with the concentration of algae. Finally, the necessity of establishing the alternative concepts for the integrated water management is pointed out through comparing the existing water management in terms of water quality and quantity.

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The purpose of this research is to contribute to analyze market crash mechanism from the idea of a new measurement for crash risk in financial markets. Observed market crisis occurred past 20 years, the more technological development has been advanced, the more serious financial market collapsed such as the failure of Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) taken

in of 1998 and Lehman collapsed in 2008. In the financial world, it has been assumed that the distributions of asset returns are all normal, however I could find it market crash should be linkage to decay or violate normality assumption. When crisis occurs, distribution becomes non-normal. Moreover recent financial technology controls return distribution that shows their investment management skills in hedge fund industry as well. The point is that if we capture timing of transition between normal state and non normal state in markets, it could be a sort of signal. For this research, correlation playing important role and calculating eigen value from correlation matrix. I observed shape of eigen value curve and used hypothetical correlation as a risk measurement parameter. Threshold shows correlation states in the market and provides an indicator.

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浜名湖の一支湾, 庄内湾における付着性二枚貝, コウロエンカワヒバリガイ, Limnoperna fortunei kikuchiiの生活史を, 生殖巣の成熟度, 幼生の飼育, 付着個体の成長などについて調べることで追跡した。雄はほぼ周年成熟していたのに対し, 雌の成熟個体は夏～秋に多かった。1年の最初の産卵は5月下旬あるいは6月上旬に行われ, その後は秋まで連続的に幼生が供給されたものと考えられた。幼生は産出後ほぼ37日目に, 殻長270μm程度になった時点で定着し, 定着後24-31日で殻長約5mmに成長した。1年の最初に定着した個体は秋の終わりまでには殻長20mm以上に達し, その年の夏には次世代を産出可能であった。付着個体の大量弊死が3月と7月にみられ, 新規加入による世代交代は8月を中心とする夏に起こるものと推察された。

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鹿児島県枕崎産の標本15尾を用いて, ブダイCalotomus japonicusの雌雄性を検討した.雌は雄より小形で, 多くの個体 (n=6) の体長は202-260mmSLの範囲にあったが, 305mmSLの個体も1尾出現した.雄 (n=8) は雌より大形で, 体長範囲は263-345mmSLであった.雌雄による体色の相違が顕著であった.生殖腺の組織学的検討により, 今回の標本の雄はすべて二次精巣を持つことが明らかになった.すなわち, 本種も他の多くのブダイ科魚類と同様に雌性先熟の雌雄同体であることが分かった.今回の標本では一次雄が出現しなかったので, 一次雄が居てもその割合は低いと推定した.

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Accurate determination of evapotranspiration or evaporation from ground surface is very important to analyze precisely groundwater flow in the unsaturated zone near the surface. Also this determination is important for detailed analysis of moisture movement and pollutant migration near the ground surface because evaporation give a boundary condition of flow. However, there are not so many knowledge on the evapotranspiration from the actual field. The present authors reported that the evaporation and evapotranspiration from ground surface can be measured using a box type technique with high accuracy and good applicability. In this study, seasonal evapotranspiration changes were successfully measured from an actual grass field. Two places were selected in these measurements, the first is vegetated place and the second is sparsely vegetated place. Evapotranspiration was measured in these places in the all seasons during a year. It was found that the maximum evapotranspiration from the vegetated place in the summer season is about four times of it in the same place in winter season in same year and evapotranspiration from the vegetated place is about three times of it from the sparsely vegetated place in the winter season. The effect of solar radiation or sunlight on evapotranspiration was clarified. It was found that, the radiation has large effect on the evapotranspiration rate. The evapotranspiration rate increases with the increase of solar radiation. Also, the effect of plant density on the evapotranspiration rate was studied. It was found that the evapotranspiration increases linearly in case of white clover plant and the transpiration for this type of plant could be estimated, separately, from the evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration could be simply and easily determined in all seasons using the box type technique.

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The authors, for the first time, were able to isolate O. spp., possessing pathogenicity to mouse, from the body surface or enteric canal of fishes or from coastal sea-water and so forth. These results led the authors to the oceanic surveys. Among Vibrios there are some species of bacteria which can kill a mouse, however, they can grow abundantly on ordinary culture media containing 0.5% NaCl. As far as this character is concerned they are more likely to be classified into the category of land bacteria, non-halophilic organisms. Since our oceanic surveys revealed that a bacterium exist in the ocean which has the same serotypes as that of the food poisoning causing bacteria, it has become apparent for the first time for marine bacteria to be recorded as a human pathogen.
The existence of two types of O. spp., euryhaline and stenohaline, is of significance for the epidemiology of food poisoning and marine industry. Oceanomonas spp. of the euryhaline type which could be isolated from samples obtained from only two stations near the coast of the Sagami Bay during the winter (Fig. 3b) play a predominant role in the summer sea by driving away the stenohaline type (Fig. 1b): euryhaline- and stenohaline types of O. spp. are representatives of the microflora which take their in and winter. The winter sea which abounds with avirulent stenohaline type, seems clean and healthy, whereas the summer sea, abundant in virulent euryhaline type, representing a reserve army, is conducive for food poisoning to occur. These contrasted two phases were called by the author as "winter" and "summer-type distributions" These could easily explain the epidemiological facts that fish and shellfish food poisoning are prevalent mainly during the summer season, particularly from June to October. Besides such seasonal alterations, a phenomenon of "habitat segregation" also became apparent, i. e., as depicted in Fig. 2, the euryhaline types are located, in general, near the shore whereas the stenohaline types in the offshore. This evidence could also explain the fact that this food poisoning are mainly caused by those coastal marine animals as mackerel, squid, octopus, shellfish, and so forth.
In view of the prevention of food poisoning caused by pathogenic halophilic bacteria, the use of. ice, especially for the period of preservation, preliminary washing with enough water for elimination or sterilization of the organisms, and the use of vinegar at the time of cooking, are to be recommended, because the euryhaline type of O. spp. is weak and sensitive to fresh water, low temperatures, and to acid.
Most promising and active way of preventing fish and shellfish food poisoning in the future could be provided, according to the author's proposal, by an oceanographical forecasts as to the distribution and MPN of euryhaline type O. spp.

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I have researched the migrations of Zentsuji-cho and Kotohira-cho in Kagawa Prefecture. Both towns show in common the following facts. Namely; -(a) the migration of women is more numerous than men, but as for the migrations out of the prefecture men are more numerous than women: (b) they send their populations to the great cities, absorbing them from near villages, and being restricted by distance, regions near them constitute the spheres of the migration: (c) the ages of the migrations vary greatly, infants and juvenile people about 16-30 years being the greatest in number, and the migration takes place the most in spring, autumn ranking next in number.
Zentsuji-cho seems to show the features of the town revived by the station of “Hoantai”, the National safety Force. The immigrants are more numerous than the emigrants, and the interprefectural migrations are more numerous than those within its own prefecture. The sphere of migration out of the prefecture extending widely to the cities and towns where “Hoantai” has been stationed, and the migrations consisting of many families whose members are characterized by young mothers and children.
On the contrary, in Kotohira-cho, the emigrants are more numerous than the immigrants, and the migrations within the prefecture are more numerous than out of the prefecture. The migrational sphere of the former is limited to the villages south-east of Kotohira-cho, and of the latter it is confined chiefly in three prefectures in Shikoku, and the migrations consist mainly of young individuals who have no babies, and the migration takes in also. These seem to show some features of small towns for sight-seeing which have attained the prime of a municipal career of the line. It is very interesting to compare these facts with the nation-wide scattering of the believers in the blessings given by the “Kotohira-Shrine”.

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We have performed a harmonic analysis on the Kyoto meteor radar (35°N, 136°E) data taken in 1978-1983, and examined long period oscillations at heights of 80-110km. In summer, an intense oscillation with almost constant phase with height has been detected at a period of around two days, although its amplitude varied in time comparable to a few periods of the wave. Other components with periods of several days have also been detected. We have found that the phases of these long period waves progress upward and their vertical wavelengths are fairly long. Their amplitude maxima took place in between midsummer and autumn, and the longer the period is, the later the maximum occurs.

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In Japan, a regional quota system was introduced to ensure that a sufficient number of medical students enroll in regional quota programs throughout the country. The number has increased since 2010, reaching 9,330 students at 71 Japanese universities, comprising 18.0% of all new medical students in 2020. Since this system started, some students with scholarships requiring them to work in designated areas for 9 years opted to repay their scholarship fund and withdrew from the program. Thus, this study examined attitudes and motivation toward community medicine among students enrolled in a regional quota program.

Participants were 82 first- to fourth-year students enrolled in comprehensive community medicine practicums at Dokkyo Medical University in 2018. The survey was completed by 63 students (76.8%) who provided voluntary and anonymous answers to a questionnaire using a learning management system. Most had positive attitudes toward community medicine and practicums. Students in lower years tended to be more motivated to pursue community medicine in the future than students in higher years. Students without scholarships were significantly more motivated to pursue community medicine in the future than students with scholarships. The top lessons learned from practicums were the role of physicians in community medicine, the state of medical care in communities, and multidisciplinary and team health care.

All students stated that the community medicine program is important. In order to enhance motivation and to maintain positive attitudes toward community medicine among medical students, lectures and practicums need to be improved and adapted to each year of medical training.

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  The paper presents the basic conceptual framework, whereby to comprehend a series of global financial crises since the early 1980s, i.e. absolute, relative, and absolute and relative surplus capital on the global scale. A short history of the birth of international surplus capital in the middle of the 1990s is followed by the author’s interpretation of the present global financial crisis beginning with subprime mortgage crisis in 2007. And finally, merits and advantages of dialectical conceptual analysis are advocated as an economic methodology.

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During the years from 1951 to 1957, microplankton were collected at three coastal stations: one being near an offshore set-net at Manazuru, Kanagawa Prefecture, and the others, one nautical mile off the coast of either Katsuura, Chiba Prefecture, or Kanminato, Hachijo Island. Fifty-meter vertical hauls of a quantitative net (conical net of Hensen type, 22.5cm in diameter at the month, 1m long, made of bolting silk of 128 meshes per linear inch) were carried out 1-3 times per mouth at those stations.
Each sample was preserved in formalin solution, shaken and left standing for 24 hours to measure the settled volume for observing seasonal changes in the quantity. The main re-sults obtained are as follows:
1) In addition to the outbursts of phytoplankton in spring (around March) and in autumn (September), summer vegetation of diatoms was commonly observed at Manazuru. The settled volume, usually less than 10cc, was found greater than 100cc in the flowering periods. Slight multiplication of microplankton in winter (January) and great flowering in summer were found in some years (Fig. 1).
2) At Katsuura, increment and decrease of microplankton were repeated from March to June. Then prominent outbursts commonly took in (July). Autumnal incre-ment in September was also considerably great. The settled volume, though it was frequently less than 20cc, all at once attained to 200cc in summer (Fig. 2).
3) Excluding special cases, microplankton quantity was very small at Hachijo Island every year. The settled volume was usually less than 5cc, did not exceed 20cc even at the maximum (Fig. 3). Diatoms increased sporadically in all the seasons except the warmest pe-riod of water temperature.
Conclusively, though there were different patterns of seasonal changes of microplankton quantity depending on years and stations, summer flowering of phytoplankton around July was remarkable at all the stations, and was sometimes greater than the vernal outburst in the same year.

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Population changes of small rodents in relation to predation by foxes were studied in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. In this report, seasonal changes in predation pressure, prey preference and predation effect are particularly described. By taking the average of two estimates, it was determined that the foxes consumed about 4, 000 to 10, 000 rodents per year within the study area of 415 hectares. Predation pressure against rodents was high in spring but low in winter, and these seasonal changes might be caused by the changes in ground cover. Prey preference for the genus Clethrionomys was assessed by making a comparison between the number of rodents consumed and the number living in the study area. Although a weak positive correlation was detected between the annual average number of rodents consumed per day and the annual total number available for foxes, seasonal fluctuation of the rodent population seemed to be independent of fox predation. There were no significant correlations between the annual predation pressure in the spring and the increase rate in the number of rodents from spring to summer, or between the annual consumption rate by foxes in winter and over-wintering rate of the rodents.

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A brief introduction of the EISCAT Scientific Association is given. The history of the evolution of EISCAT by adding the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) to its facilities is summarized. The scientific rationale to use the ESR is reproduced and the technical specifications and the management, the construction and the present status of the project are described in brief.

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　According to an estimate of the Japan National Tourism Organization, 2,930,000 overseas visitors came to Japan in April 2019. With the growing the number of non-Japanese and Tokyo hosting the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, there is a rising need in Japan for international medical communication. Medical interpreting training is urgently required owing to language problems through the rapid increase in the number of non-Japanese workers in Japan over recent decades. A systematic review indicated five core competencies for medical interpreters: maintaining accuracy and completeness; medical terminology and understanding the human body; behaving ethically and making ethical decisions; nonverbal communication skills; and cross-cultural communication skills. A training course to develop those skills was implemented in Juntendo University’s Faculty of International Liberal Arts (FILA). Since its founding in 1838, Juntendo University has produced experts in medicine, health care, and sports. The rich culture accumulated over that time has been adapted for the global era: the university offers a progressive education that simultaneously teaches internationalism and currently required health expertise. The FILA offers several courses to help promote medical interpreters. A practical example is presented in this paper to show the capabilities of the FILA system. Interfaculty cooperation is needed to bridge the gap between medical professionals and patients with limited Japanese proficiency. By nurturing medical interpreters, Juntendo University is expected to promote interfaculty collaboration in supporting non-Japanese patients. In 2020, Japan should create an environment in which people from overseas can visit the country without worrying about medical care.

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