Self-cleaning window glasses based on TiO₂ photocatalysis are becoming popular products, and the importance of quantitative measure of glass contamination is increasing in order to evaluate its self-cleaning performance. Contaminated glass samples were rated for visual impression of dirtiness. Then the dirtiness ratings were compared with transmittance, haze value, change in lightness, change in color, intensity average of digital photograph, standard deviation of intensity of digital photograph. It was found that the last parameter gives the best correlation with the dirtiness rating.

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1957年2月25日志賀高原丸池附近において,積雪面上からの輻射の測定中弱い降雪に混じって凍雨と思われるガラス状の氷滴を観測した.そのレプリカから形態,粒度分布,及び凍雨の衝突係数などについて若干の考察を行ない,凍雨の粒度分布にっいてはMARSHALL-PALMERの式が良く合い,又凍雨の併合は大きさの同程度の物の間で意外に多く起って居ることが判った.

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The effect of combined stimuli, black and white, upon the electrical excitability of the human retina was investigated under various conditions of light adaptation.
1. The electrical excitability of the resting retina increases in accordance with the degree of light adaptation when the intensity of adapting light is below 25 lux.
2. The effect of a circular bright stimulus to increase electrical excitability is enhanced when the patch is enclosed by a black ring (simultane-ous induction).
3. Dissipation of induction is facilitated by adapting light.
4. There is an optimum adaptation state for brightness induction. The optimum intensity is about one per cent of the intensity of the white light following a black stimulus.
5. A subnormal electrical excitability is seen for the first 7 sec. during presentation of a black patch in the light adapted eye. The electrical excitability returns then to the initial level spontaneously even when the black stimulus continues.

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1. Spectral absorption is measured in a single cone from the carp retina, by a specially designed microspectrophotometer.
2. Five photopigments having λ_max 490-500mμ, 520-540mμ, 560-580mμ, 620-640mμ and670-680mμ are detected in various cone outer segments. The occurrence frequency is high for the first three.
3. As to the rod pigment, the λ_max, is between520-530mμ in the carp and between500-505mμ in the frog.
4. A few cones which seem to possess two photopigments are observed in the carp.

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Solar radiation is one of the most important components of the human–energy balance outdoors. To assess outdoor thermal comfort accurately, quantification of the solar absorptance of a clothed human body is needed. A measurement method using subjects lying on a horizontal roof surface was proposed in a previous study. However, this method only provided solar absorptance for the front side of the human body. Therefore, this study aims to establish a method of measurement of the solar absorptance of a standing clothed subject to determine the solar absorptance in any direction. Measurements were performed in September 2012 at Daido University in Nagoya, Japan. Four male and four female Japanese college-aged subjects participated in the experiments. Four clothing ensembles of a black shirt and black trousers (B-B), a black shirt and white trousers (B-W), a white shirt and black trousers (W-B), and a white shirt and white trousers (W-W) were tested for male subjects. Two clothing conditions of a black one-piece dress (Black) and a white one (White) were tested for female subjects. All subjects participated in an additional condition with their casual clothing ensembles. The following findings were obtained through the measurements. For the male subjects, the solar absorptance of the black shirt and black trousers ensemble (B-B) had the maximum value of 0.77. Meanwhile, the white shirt and white trousers ensemble (W-W) provided the minimum solar absorptance of 0.48. For the female subjects, the solar absorptances of the black and white one-piece dresses were 0.74 and 0.44, respectively. The solar absorptances of casual clothing were 0.61 and 0.59 for male and female subjects, respectively. The measurement method using the standing subject used in this study was appropriate for determining the solar absorptances of the clothed human body. Furthermore, this method was able to quantify the solar absorptance in several directions as well as for the front side of the subject.

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The Mammalian Crania Photographic Archive (MCPA2) is a website (http://1kai.dokkyomed.ac.jp/mammal/en/mammal.html) that includes a collection of 10,950 photographs of mammalian crania, which have been taken with a high-resolution digital camera. In the present report, we outline the characteristics of MCPA2 and how it was created, and make brief comparisons with several similar websites currently accessible via the internet. The archived MCPA2 materials include 1825 cranial specimens, ranging from insectivores to elephants, which have been macerated in Japan during the past 35 years and prepared for osteological study. Of the 16 orders represented in the database, primates comprise the major group with 704 specimens. Each cranium was placed with the orbitomeatal (Frankfort) or palatine plane horizontal, and was photographed in six perpendicular views from a long distance using a telephoto or telemacro lens. These long-distance shots decrease perspective distortion that lead to measurement errors when studying cranial profiles and landmark positions, and enable detailed observation and measurement of specific bony characteristics on a computer screen. From our website, images can be searched using (1) the taxonomic table, (2) Japanese name, (3) English name, and (4) scientific name. In the page of search results, in addition to the images, four caliper measurements and additional text (taxonomy, sex, and age) are available for every specimen.

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It is well-known that many complicated factors rct upon the strength of spun yarn, . In this report we have made some inquiry into factors that influence yarn strength. We have measured the number of fiber slippages when spun rayon yarn and nylon-rayon blended yarn are broken.
(1) As a rule, the fiber slippage of both spun rayon and nylon-rayon blended yarns is less than 20% of the number of fibers in the yarn cross-section.
(2) Fiber slippage in crimped spun yarn is worse than in uncrimped. Crimped spun rayon is poorer in utility of strength than uncrimped. influence yarn strength.
(3) There is not always a correlation between utility of strength and fiber slippage. Clearly, therefore, all 11 factors except frictional theory
(4) Within the range of practical number of twists the coarser spun yarn is, the less fiber slippage.
(5) As the number of twists increases, fiber slippage decreases, but utility of strength attains a mix imum near the most suitable number of twists thereafter decreases.
(6) In the range of practical number of twists (about 4.5-8 turns per centimeter), the theoretical equacion introduced by Agatsuma may be applied. (Of this more later.)
(7) The above results apply to spun rayon yarn, but not to nylonrayon blended yarn.
(8) In nylon-rayon blended yarn containing less than 50% nylon, there is more slippage of nylon than of rayon. If the nylon content exceeds 50%, there is more slippage of rayon.

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Our research project of cognitive rhetoric aims at systematically exploring a cognitive mechanism underlying the relationship between stylistic techniques of rhetoric, interpretations or meanings and its effects, and also developing a computational methodology of artistic work generation. This paper introduces the project of cognitive rhetoric and discusses its purposes and goals, related disciplines, and methodology. This paper then reviews, as case studies of cognitive rhetoric, our ongoing studies on “the cognitive mechanism of metaphor comprehension and appreciation” and “non-story type film rhetoric and its composition system”.

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Simultaneous approaches to brightness constancy and to the perception of illumination were made in a Hsia-type experimental situation, where the immediate surround of standard disk was kept at a constant, very low luminance. 5 subjects were used. A log-log linear relation was found again between the standard luminance and the matched luminance. The obtained slopes ranged from 0.31 to 0.44. These are reversely related with the tendency toward constancy and mean a considerably strong tendency, which slightly decreased as the luminance ratio of the standard disk to the peripheral field increased. The data of illumination-matching showed that the matched illuminance increased almost propotionally to the standard illuminance. These results are inconsistent with a hypothesis of invariant reciprocal relation between the perceived illumination and the perceived brightness of a surface, and suggest that they have individual stimulus-correlates.

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5 digits were sequentially presented to the same portion of the retina with various rates (50-4 cps) for 5 to 10 subjects, and the interactions among the visual responses to the digits were investigated. Subject's task was to report the whole digits he had seen (Exp. I) or to answer whether a particular digit had been contained in a stimulus series or not (Exp. II). Percentage of correct responses in both experiments varied as a function of serial position in the stimulus series. The serial position curves were almost always in U-shape and the bottom of the curves shifted from anterior to posterior serial position as the rate of presentation decreased. It was concluded that there are at least two kinds of interactions (forward and backward maskings) among responses in the visual mechanism for processing the information sequentially given with high speed.

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1972年3月札幌において,人工的影響が少なく側方からの移流の影響の無視できるような深夜から早朝にかけての無風時の降雪時に,エアロゾル濃度の連続観測をおこなった.同時に関係すると考えられる要因もなるだけ多く測定した.
測定の結果,降雪によるエアロゾルの捕捉率,地上発生率および垂直拡散定数が決定された.雪の結晶による捕捉率は数十パーセントに達し,この値は単なる落下速度の差による衝突で予想されるよりは1～2桁多い.従っていろいろと考察の結果降雪によるエアロゾルの捕捉は,ベンチレーション効果やブラウン運動も含めた揺動による付着が主な機構と考えざるを得ない.
降雪によるエアロゾル除去量は外国で報告されているものより1桁大きいが,この理由について種々考察された.

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The characteristics of the emission spectra of coaxial KrBr* excilamps are investigated with high electric power density ranging from 557 to 803 W/m driven by sinusoidal electronic control gear (ECG) as well as 367 to 546 W/m by pulsed ECG, based on the dielectric barrier discharge. The radiant power of intense narrow band ultraviolet radiation at 207 nm is derived from the irradiance according to Keitz formula while the input power is measured and compared by Lissajous figure and integration of voltage and current. It is shown that the measurement power of integration of voltage and current achieves more accuracy. And the radiant efficiency of 207 nm varies with the gas parameters, demonstrating an optimum 4.1% of energy converted to 207 nm band radiation at pressure 300 mbar and bromine percentage 0.25%.

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George Orwell’s Nineteen-Eighty Four (1949) is still considered one of the masterpieces of the twentieth century, even after the passing of 1984, the fictional year in which the story is set. The work originally gained acceptance as a near-future novel with some dreadful prophecies about the human race, but now it has become a ‘near-past’ novel. However, it has never lost its main feature: a universal warning to the human race. It is Orwell’s warning to us not only in respect to politics, but to the whole of society. In this essay sight and observation are focused upon, among other aspects of the work, because these factors related to eyes are frequently found throughout the story. Furthermore, visual literary devices highlight different features, depending on the character involved, the central characters being Winston Smith and Big Brother: the object to be watched and the watcher. Drawing on thoughts from Michel Foulcault, Jeremy Bentham and Jonathan Crary, this study on sight-related issues and observation in Orwell’s work leads inevitably to questions surrounding the concept of humanness and the future of our modern societies enveloped by surveillance brought to bear through present visual technologies.

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In The Age of Innocence (1920), set in the fashionable New York of the 1870s, Edith Wharton skillfully constructs her story, reproducing the atmosphere of New York at that time by including a wide range of historical references. As the backdrop of the most crucial scene in the novel, where Newland Archer and Ellen Olenska have their last clandestine meeting, the author chooses the new Metropolitan Museum of Art in Central park, which did not open until 1880, rather than the old museum building in the 1870s. Since the book was first published, some critics have regarded this anachronism as a simple error on the part of the author. However, Wharton might have used the new museum deliberately, given the fact that she did not restore the museum to its historically accurate place when she corrected some erroneous descriptions in the reprinted version. In recent years, some studies discussing the museum scene have considered the effects of its anachronism; however, scope still exists to examine whether the museum anachronism represents the true intention of the author. This essay begins by exploring the author's intentions regarding the period of the novel; ultimately, it attempts to present a new reading of the "anachronistic" museum by focusing on its location. Wharton's choice of placing the museum in Central Park might demonstrate not only her mastery of story construction, which naturally leads the reader to the pivotal scene, but also her profound insight into the future reception of the novel.

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The Arab-Israeli Conflict Simulation (AIC) and Conflix are two web-based educational projects that involve high school students acting as contemporary political characters. Using three different narrative approaches, we explore the ways that student participants have taken an active role in creating their own learning experiences and even the educational goals that underlie those experiences.

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The second-generation star tracker estimates pointing knowledge of a satellite without a-priori knowledge. But star trackers are larger in size, heavier, power hungry and expensive for nanosatellite missions. The Arcsecond Pico Star Tracker (APST) is designed based on the limitations of nanosatellites and estimated to provide pointing knowledge in an arcsecond. The APST will be used on the SNUSAT-2, Earth-observing nanosatellite. This paper describes the requirements of APST, trade-off for the selection of image sensor, optics, and baffle design. In addition, a survey of algorithms for star trackers and a comparison of the specifications of APST with other Pico star trackers are detailed. The field of view (FOV) estimation shows that 17° and 22° are suitable for APST and this reduces stray light problems. To achieve the 100% sky coverage, the FOV of 17° and 22° should able to detect the 5.85 and 5.35 visual magnitude of stars, respectively. It is validated by estimating the signal to noise ratio of APST and night sky test results. The maximum earth stray light angle is estimated to be 68° and a miniaturized baffle is designed with the exclusion angle of 27°.

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