Kenji Miyazawa is one of the most popular literary men in Japan. He was well grounded in geology because he was highly educated for geology. Therefore geological issues underwent a good infl uence on his literary productions. For example, he used colors of minerals to represent atmospheric phenomena such as colors of sky, cloud, mist, sunshine etc. However, the past annotations for technical terms of geology in Kenji's literary works are much doubtful from the viewpoint of geologists. I, a geologist, would like to introduce some examples of the investigation about his intended discrepancy between strict description of geological terms and literary expressions.
1. Kenji ventured to adopt technical terms which were not always ordinary in even his days. For example, he used the term“ gastaldite” , blue-colored minerals to express blue ship beacons. But in general“ glaucophane” is used. Kenji used the former in order to make rhythm“ --” in his poem.
2. Kenji also adopted wrong technical terms purposely. For example, he used“ dihexagonal pyramid” as a crystal form of quartz. He said it is originated from high quartz in rhyolite or dacite, therefore they must be“ hexagonal bipyramid”. Of course he understood the difference between them, however he adopted the former wrong terms purposely because the former term is more beautiful in Japanese linguistic sense.
3. Special pronunciations of technical terms peculiar to Kenji were used. For example, he read Lepidodendron, a plant fossil as“ Rinboku” in Japanese. Today“ Rinboku” is common pronunciation, however it was named“ Urokogi” originally as Japanese name, therefore the latter was also common in Kenji's days.

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It is widely accepted that a symbiosis involving a cyanobacterium with a peptidoglycan wall led to the origin of plastids of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Recently, we visualized plastid peptidoglycan in a moss species by epifluorescence microscopy using metabolic labeling with click chemistry. In the present study, we applied the same method to visualize plastid peptidoglycan in the filamentous charophyte alga Klebsormidium nitens, as its genome contains a set of genes capable of synthesizing peptidoglycan. To visualize peptidoglycan, the generation of D-alanyl-D-alanine (

-) must be blocked to allow the incorporation of ethynyl-- (EDA-DA) into peptidoglycan. Because a gene-targeting technique has not been established for K. nitens, we used D-cycloserine, which is an inhibitor of D-Ala : D-Ala ligase. Treatment with 500 µM D-cycloserine arrested cell division and inhibited chloroplast division. The addition of 1 mM EDA-DA restored the rate of cell division to that observed in medium without D-cycloserine, suggesting that EDA-DA can integrate plastid peptidoglycan instead of -, thus restarting chloroplast division and therefore cell division. Subsequently, cells were subjected to click chemistry to attach an azide-modified Alexa 488 fluorophore to the EDA-DA probe. Microscopic observation indicated that both sides of chloroplasts have strong Alexa 488 fluorescence. Under conditions of no cell growth, the chloroplast peptidoglycan that existed prior to treatment with D-cycloserine might remain in the cell. Therefore, the fluorescence must be indicative of the location of newly synthesized peptidoglycan. Our observations suggest that chloroplast peptidoglycan is built along the chloroplast division plane and serves as an essential system for chloroplast division in K. nitens.

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One of the earliest charge-transfer complexes synthesized is dinaphtho[2,1,1′,2′]furan picrate, which was first reported in 1905. Here, we synthesized and structurally characterized this complex. This complex has a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 and a melting point of 161.4°C. The bond distances and angles of the component molecules are within the range of those reported for structurally similar neutral compounds and picric acid. These characteristics taken together with the feature that the infrared spectra of the complex can be superimposed with those of its component molecules, it is concluded that this complex is in the neutral ground state. The component molecules are stacked alternately, producing a ···

––··· one-dimensional column in the b-axis direction. The compound crystallizes in a monoclinic system and was characterized thus: P2₁/c, a = 10.0912(18), b = 7.5548(11), c = 27.919(5)Å, β = 94.047(4)°, Z = 4, V = 2123.2(6)ų. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares on F² to final values of R1 = 0.0502 and wR2 = 0.1190.

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In single crystals of yttrium iron garnet irradiated with white light at 77 K, a remarkable change was observed in the temperature dependence of complex permeabilities μ' and μ". Simultaneously, conspicuous double peaks of DA around 125 K (DA1) and 200 K (DA2) were found to be induced by the irradiation at 77 K, with correlative onset of an irreversible decrease of permeability at low temperature. Besides, the dark (3) independent of white-light irradiation was observed around the room temperature. The activation energy of DA (1, 2, 3) may be calculated as 0.46, 0.60, and 0.88 eV, respectively.

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We have constructed 1-aza-3-iodospiro[4.5]deca-3,6,8-trien-5-ones through an iodocyclization of ethoxyethyl ether to alkynes. Ethoxyethyl ether serves not only as a protection group for the preparation of precursors but also as a leaving group for the iodocyclization. When the linker between an aromatic ring and triple bond was ether or ester, domino reaction of iodocyclization/Diels-Alder (DA) dimerization occurred to afford a dispiro pentacyclic compound. This is the first report of the domino reaction of the iodocyclization and DA reaction. In addition, this dimer could be functionalized by domino retro / reactions to construct a novel bridgehead-spiro connection ring system. Furthermore, we assembled the carbo-skeleton at C-I bond by Pd-catalyzed reactions to success an escalation of the molecular complexity and diversity.

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針状α-FeOOH微粒子を製造するプレコマーシャル規模の実験を, 気泡塔型反応器を用いて回分方式で行った.
電子顕微鏡写真を用いて, 製品粒子の長軸方向長さlおよび短軸方向長さdの粒度分布を測定した.その測定値から長軸方向長さの個数平均値l_a, 短軸方向長さの個数平均値d_a, 軸比l_a/d_a, 長軸方向長さの変動係数σ_l/l_aを算出した.そして, 粒子の比表面積Seとl_a, l_a/, , σl/l_aのそれぞれとの関係を調べた.
さらに, lの粒度分布の均一性を, 粒度分布図を用いて検討した.

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  A laboratory study has been conducted to find out how surface condition affects thermal deformation of permanent mold using test pieces having different properties between the surface and the back. The authors hypothesized that the thermal deformation of such test pieces corresponds to the bending of a composite beam and derived a formula to estimate the magnitude of the thermal deformation of the test piece. The propriety of the formula was examined with the test pieces varying either the elastic modulus or the thermal expansion in the surface. The following relationship existed between the magnitude of thermal deformation calculated from the basic properties of test piece (D_C) and the magnitude obtained by the actual test () : =0.995D_C+0.284 ; (r=0.88). Consequently, it is considered that the characteristics of thermal deformation can be estimated from the basic properties even in permanent mold materials having different surface conditions.

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The fraction of deoxidation particles of MgO, ZrO₂ and Ce₂O₃ on austenite grain boundaries in an Fe–10mass%Ni or Fe–0.20mass%C–0.02mass%P alloy has been measured as a function of dissolved Ce content. The fraction of particles on grain boundaries, Φ_A, which is defined by the ratio of the number of particles at the grain boundaries per unit area and the number of particles at the grain boundaries and the interior of the grain per unit area and the Φ_A value at random dispersion, Φ_R(2-D), attend the steady state within 60 min holding at 1 673 K. The Φ_A and Φ_R(2-D) values increase with the addition of very small amount of dissolved Ce and thereafter are independent of dissolved Ce content. The / (limiting mean grain diameter/mean particle diameter) ratios decrease with an increase in Φ_A for a given volume fraction of particles.

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A sensitive and selective electrochemical method for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) using an electropolymerized bromothymol blue (BTB)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed. The electrochemically synthesized film was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and voltammetric methods. The electrochemical behavior of the polymer-modified electrode depends on film thickness, i.e., the electropolymyerization time. The poly-BTB-modified GCE shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of AA, DA, and UA in phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.0). The voltametric peak separations of AA/, /UA, and AA/UA on this modified electrode are 118 mV, 298 mV, and 455 mV, respectively. Therefore the voltammetric responses of these three compounds can be resolved well on the polymer-modified electrode, and simultaneous determination of these three compounds can be achieved. In addition, this modified electrode can be successfully applied to determine AA and DA in injection and UA in urine samples without interference.

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A method of predicting the density of compound oxides was given on the basis of the density of the single oxides which can be regarded to compose the compound oxide. A compound oxide is first expressed in the form of a combination of single oxides, such as 2MgO⋅SiO₂ for forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄), being applicable to any compound oxide. The density, D_a, of the mixture of single oxides whose composition is identical to that of the compound oxide, 2MgO and SiO₂, by way of example, is then calculated from the molar weight (W) and the density (d) of the component single oxides; D_a=(2W_MgO+W_SiO2)/{2(W_MgO/d_MgO)+(W_SiO2/d_SiO2)}. D_a is approximated to be the density of the compound, D_c. The deviation, (D_c-)/(=δ), was calculated for 88 popular silicates and non-silicate oxides. δ was found to be within ±0.1 for about 80% of the oxides examined. Furthermore, δ was found to be positively large for oxides with a higher density and negatively large for oxides with a lower density. The silicates having a negatively large δ have a tendency to exhibit a negative thermal expansion, and those with a positively large δ tend to have high hardness. The relationship of δ to D_c leads to the following approximations; D_c=D_a {1+0.33(D_a-3.1)} for silicates, and D_c=D_a {1+0.11(Da-5.3)} for non-silicate oxides. Both of these empirical expressions hold within an error of less than 10% for most oxides, though a more detailed examination with much more data will be necessary. The assumed density of 2.0 for Si (F, OH)₄ and Si(OH)₄ results in a good approximation for the densities of (F, OH)- and (OH)-containing silicates.

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DNA aneuploidy (DA) was examined in adult leukemia using flow cytometry, and the method and the clinical implication of DA as a tumor marker were evaluated. The method was simple, rapid, objective, quantitative and further did not need any mitotic cells, so was proved to be very useful for screening of DA. While, DA was detected in 50 (27%) out of 185 adult cases with various types of leukemia. The frequencies of DA in the subtypes of leukemia were 55% in ATL, 26% in ALL, 17% in ANLL, 26% in CML-BC and 6% in CLL, respectively. When compared with other subtypes, the frequency in ATL was significantly higher (p<0.01), which suggested a special entity of this disease. In general, however, the frequency of DA in leukemia was rather low, which indicated the difficulty in application of DA by itself in diagnosis of leukemia. While, in cases with , was very useful as a tumor marker in monitoring the clinical course, for example, in the detection of early relapse or recruitment of leukemic cells. Furthermore, DA was found to be a good prognostic factor which indicates a poor prognosis in cases with ANLL and CML-BC.

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The incidence of angina pectoris was studied in 247 patients having a long history of his disorder. Angina of effort (EA), angina at rest (RA) and daily work angina (DA) occurred in 91, 57 and 29% of these cases, respectively. Sixty-three percent of the cases had histories of more than 2 types of angina, EA, RA and . occurred in 39, 25 and 27% of the cases with new EA, new RA and changing pattern of unstable angina (UA), respectively, and it occurred coincidentally with the period of UA. Therefore, DA was considered as a pattern of UA. UA could not be classified well according to the precipitating factors or spontaneous occurrence and its classification according to a new occurrence or worsening condition is clinically useful for predicting a short-term prognosis. Ischemic ST changes seemed to be preceded by an increase of heart rate and blood pressure in micturition angina, although these increases were significantly lower than those in exercise-induced angina. Beta-blocking agents were ineffective but calcium antagonists were effective for micturition angina. Voiding is not essential for provoking angina, since strain alone could induce angina. Common pathophysiological status, such as coronary arterial spasm, may underlie all types of DA.

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This paper presents a new guidance and control system for a re-entry vehicle. In the conventional drag acceleration control system employed for the present space shuttles, the velocity is an unobservable state variable and the associated pole tends to be unstable. Therefore, in this study, a condition which allows all the states to be observable is introduced using a state-space linearization method. It is also shown that energy and its rate are appropriate for the state variables. A guidance law is analytically derived on the basis of the obtained state equation with respect to the energy by solving a two-point boundary-value problem. Furthermore, a tracking control system is designed to make the position, velocity, and flight path angle of the vehicle track the reference states generated in the guidance system. Finally, numerical simulation is performed to verify the validity of the obtained plant expression, and the effectiveness of the proposed guidance and control system.

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コーティング材料は，母材との界面における強度を適切にコントロールすることで，割れやはく離を防止することができる．そのため，コーティング材料と母材との界面強度を定量的に評価する必要がある．近年，微小切削装置が考案され，塗装膜や高分子材料などの機械的特性評価が行われている．本研究では，薄膜の切削加工を行い，その際のエネルギバランスから界面はく離強度を定量的に評価する手法を提案する．また，弾塑性はりモデル及び数値シミュレーションによる剥離過程のモデリングを行い比較検討をおこなったので，その結果について報告する．

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In dairy product sector, butter is one of the potential sources of fat soluble vitamins, namely vitamin A, D, E, K; consequently, butter is taken into account as high valuable price from other dairy products. This fact has attracted unscrupulous market players to blind butter with other animal fats to gain economic profit. Animal fats like mutton fat (MF) are potential to be mixed with butter due to the similarity in terms of fatty acid composition. This study focused on the application of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometrics for classification and quantification of MF as adulterant in butter. The FTIR spectral region of 3910-710 cm^–1 was used for classification between butter and butter blended with MF at various concentrations with the aid of discriminant analysis (). is able to classify butter and adulterated butter without any mistakenly grouped. For quantitative analysis, partial least square (PLS) regression was used to develop a calibration model at the frequency regions of 3910-710 cm^–1. The equation obtained for the relationship between actual value of MF and FTIR predicted values of MF in PLS calibration model was y = 0.998x + 1.033, with the values of coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error of calibration are 0.998 and 0.046% (v/v), respectively. The PLS calibration model was subsequently used for the prediction of independent samples containing butter in the binary mixtures with MF. Using 9 principal components, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) is 1.68% (v/v). The results showed that FTIR spectroscopy can be used for the classification and quantification of MF in butter formulation for verification purposes.

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2000年に噴火した有珠山の噴出物堆積地において，2004年に調査した既報告の大型菌類の発生調査を2006年まで継続して行い，噴火から間もない遷移初期の立地で繁殖する大型菌類相の経年変化を明らかにした．菌種数は，2004年の9種から緩やかに増加し，2006年には23種が確認された．外生菌根菌は2005年秋に初めて4種が確認された．2006年も新たに4種が発生し，計8種が確認された．その他の腐生菌は，2004年に確認されていたナヨタケ科，モエギタケ科，キシメジ科の菌類が継続して発生しており，種数は年経過とともに緩やかに増加した．次年度に消失した菌種は，2004-2005年では2種，2005-2006年では1種と少なかったのに対して，新たに確認された菌種は2004-2005年では9種，2005-2006年では8種と多かった．噴出物堆積地では，埋没した植物遺体や更新稚樹を資源として利用する菌類が繁殖しており，その菌類相は年経過とともに新たな種が加わる形で推移していた．

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Glutaraldehyde (GA) and ortho-phtalaldehyde (OPA) have been widely used as major components of disinfectants in hospitals. We evaluated the alterations in GA or OPA in rats after subacute inhalation exposure by determining levels of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine [NE], dopamine [], metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid [DOPAC] and homovanillic acid [HVA], indoleamine serotonin [5-HT] and 5-HT metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5-HIAA]) in discrete brain regions using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with an electrochemical detector. Female Wistar rats were exposed to 0, 50, 100, or 200 ppb gaseous GA or OPA by inhalation for 1 h per day, 5 d per week for 4 wk. Following the exposure, the brain of each rat was removed and dissected into cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, midbrain, corpus striatum and hypothalamus. The neurotransmitters and their metabolites were extracted from each brain region, and determined by HPLC. Regarding GA, the daily water intake of the 50 or the 200 ppb exposed groups was significantly lower than that of the control. DA and 5-HIAA levels in the medulla oblongata among the GA exposed groups were significantly lower than those of the control. For OPA, the mean final body weight and daily food intake of the 100 or 200 ppb exposed groups were significantly lower than those of the control. The mean DA concentrations in the cerebrum in the groups exposed to OPA were significantly lower than those of the control. OPA may modulate DA metabolism in the cerebrum of female rats. The levels GA or OPA that induced alienations in neurotransmitters were comparable to those levels usually found in hospitals, further studies are warranted to evaluate the of safety of disinfectants containing GA or OPA.

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