To understand coral-reef zooplankton ecology on a diel basis, zooplankton abundance, biomass and size composition from a fringing coral-reef of Redang Island, Malaysia, were investigated at three-hour intervals for a 48 hour period. Zooplankton was collected vertically and size-fractionated into three size-classes; 100–200 μm, 200–335 μm, and >335 μm. Diel variation of the zooplankton showed that the catches at night were always higher than those in the daytime and the nocturnal increase occurred most strongly in the large fraction (>335 μm). Zooplankton abundance steeply increased just after sunset, showed an abrupt increase 1.5 hour later and declined sharply thereafter. Observation of diel variation in coral-reef zooplankton from three-hour intervals revealed that the temporal variation was large in this study.

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We discuss the practical ways to determine the polar cap boundary (PCB, i. e. the boundary between open and closed flux tubes) from observations available at low altitudes. A theory generally predicts a simple topology of PCB (one bundle of the open flux tubes in each polar cap) and the character of its shape and size dependence on IMF but the accurate predictions require to model self-consistently the processes both at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail. The practical ways of PCB indication based on transparent physics and supported by the observations are very few. Among them we discuss: the equatorward boundary of auroral particle precipitation in the cusp proper (in the sector of dayside convection throat); the trapping boundary of the magnetospheric energetic particles; the sharp boundary of the solar electron plateau. The physics of the latter boundary is discussed in more detail. Recent observations indicate that the whole plasma sheet is filled by the solar electrons and that their sharp precipitation boundary originates inside of the closed plasma sheet tubes, indeed, due to the particle scattering (weak non-adiabatic process) in the tail current sheet. The nightside portion of this solar electron plateau boundary generated in this way can be distinguished from its dayside part (which coincides with PCB) by its energy (rigidity) dependent behaviour. In cases of significant north-south hemispherical difference of the solar electron flux the PCB can be accurately determined everywhere. The morphology and physics of the boundaries of the solar electron precipitation as well as their relationship with the patterns of other phenomena (precipitation, convection, FAC etc.) deserve to be studied in much more detail.

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Approach on the environmental improvement has been done in a variety of industrial fields to correspond to serious global environmental concerns. The importance of the conversion to sustainable agriculture has been recognized in agriculture, and the technique breaking away from the agriculture depending on agricultural chemicals has been studied. In agricultural production in greenhouses, the production technique which does not use agricultural chemicals as much as possible attracted attention. The technique for plant height control using the temperature difference between (DIF), which was developed in the 1980s and has been studied, is one of the alternatives of agricultural chemicals, and it has been widely used in the flower production in the world. This review is to summarize recent research results on DIF.

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In snowy and cold regions, road surface conditions change rapidly due to snowfall and temperatures. Road surface conditions need to be grasped both in daytime and nighttime to maintain a safe and comfortable road space. However, such a method has not been proposed. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to estimate road surface conditions in both

by using confidence levels obtained from the daytime and nighttime classifiers. The proposed method can estimate road surface conditions throughout the daytime and nighttime. In the last part of this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed through experiments using actual images taken by an in-vehicle camera.

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Monitoring of blood glucose concentration is important to evaluate the diabetic status of dogs. Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) have been applied in veterinary medicine for glucose monitoring in diabetic dogs. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the daily glycemic profiles obtained with CGMS and compare glucose fluctuations between - -time in diabetic dogs. Five diabetic dogs were used in this study and were treated with either NPH insulin or insulin detemir. For data analyses, day-time was defined as 9:00 am–9:00 pm and night-time as 9:00 pm–9:00 am. Using glucose profiles, we determined the mean glucose concentrations (1- and 12-hr intervals), and times spent in hyperglycemia >200 mg/dl or hypoglycemia <60 mg/dl. None of the parameters differed significantly between day-time and night-time in dogs treated with NPH insulin or insulin detemir. In conclusion, this study confirmed, using CGMS, that there are no differences in glucose fluctuations between - -time, in diabetic dogs on a similar feeding regimen and insulin administration.

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Objectives: This study was to conduct a meta-analysis of studies that used actigraphs to compare the influence of

shifts on the sleep quality of workers as well as examine the moderating effect of age.

Methods: Databases including PubMed, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EBSCOhost were searched for relevant studies published in English between January 1st, 2000 and April 30st, 2021. Our main targets were studies that used actigraphs to assess the sleep quality of night shift workers. This meta-analysis included 12 papers and was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Version 3.0. Effect sizes were displayed in a forest plot using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results: Among the sleep quality indices of the

shift workers, no significant difference existed in terms of sleep efficiency (SE) (SMD = 0.27, 95% CI: −0.03-0.57), whereas night shift workers presented longer sleep-onset latency (SOL) (SMD = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.15-1.08), greater wake after sleep onset (WASO) (SMD = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.12-0.70), and longer total sleep time (TST) (SMD = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.32-1.39) than did day shift workers. The differences between the shift workers in SOL, WASO, and TST did not vary with age.

Conclusions: Among the sleep quality indices, night shift workers presented longer SOL and greater WASO than did day shift workers. However, night shift workers could regulate their rest time and had adequate TST; thus, their SE was not different from that of day shift workers.

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We investigated the pattern of stem elongation in response to temperatures in the light and dark periods in 6 bedding plants and 2 potted plants. The plants that responded well to different conditions (DIF) could be classified into 2 groups. In the first group comprising plants Northpole and Verbena, the stem elongated mainly in the light period, and in the second group comprising plants chrysanthemum and Habotan, the stem elongated mainly in the dark period. Moreover, in the case of Zinnia, which exhibited an opposite reaction to DIF, stem elongation was observed in the dark period as the temperature increased. In the case of French marigold, Snapdragon, and Stock, which were not affected by DIF, stem elongation was not observed even when the temperature in the light and dark periods was varied.

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(1) Effect of variation of day-length, - -temperatures and of intensity of daylight upon the growth rate of Chlorella was investigated using combinations of conditions which were varied as follows:
Day-length: 6hours (18 hours dark), 12 hours (12 hours dark), 18 hours (6 hours dark), and 24 hours (no darkness).
- -temperatures: 25°, 15° and 7°C.
Intensity of daylight: 50, 10, 2, and 0.4 kilolux.
(2) In general the rate of growth was affected by changes of day-temperature by far more profoundly than by changes of night-temperature. In the temperature range studied, the higher the day-temperature, the greater was the growth rate. Higher night-temperatures had no recognizably favorable effect except when the day-temperature was as low as 7°.
(3) In general, the growth rate was directly proportional to the day-length ("day-limited growth") at shorter day-lengths. Such a proportionality extended to longer day-lengths, the lower the daylight intensity; and the intensity of daylight, under which a day-limited growth occurred markedly, was higher, the higher the day-temperature. At longer day-lengths, and especially under stronger daylight, the growth rate tended to become independent of day-length (the phenomenon of "day-saturation"), or to become rather smaller with the increase of day-length (the phenomenon of "day-oversaturation"). The latter phenomenon was accompanied by a bleaching of algal cells. Both the day-saturation and -oversaturation occurred ceteris paribus more markedly at lower day-temperatures. The day-oversaturation occurred most profoundly when both the temperatures were 7°, but ceased to occur when the day-temperature was 7° and the night-temperature was 25°.
(4) Although the growth rate increased, in general, with the increase of day-length, the favorable effect of long-day condition decreased with the decrease of day-temperature. At 7°, and especially when the daylight intensity was high, there was almost no difference in the growth rates under short-day and long-day conditions. It was also observed that the temperature-dependence of growth rate decreased and eventually tended to disappear with the decrease of daylight intensity and with the shortening of day-length, and that the daylight intensity, under which the growth rate became light-saturated, was lower at lower day-temperatures. All these facts indicate that the short-day condition and weaker daylight become relatively less disadvantageous with the decrease of day-temperature.
(5) The phenomena of day-limited and day-saturated growths as they were conditioned by temperature, intensity of daylight and day-length were explained on the basis of observations made earlier by Tamiya et al., who, by determining the relative rates of light-dependent and light-independent phases in the growth process of algae, have found that the light-independent phase has a considerably greater temperature-coefficient than the light-dependent phase.
(6) The phenomenon of "day-oversaturation", which occurred at lower temperatures and under stronger daylight, was explained as being due to the injurious effect of strong light upon the so-called "light cells" which have been shown by Tamiya et al, to become abundant in cultures when temperature was low and light was strong.

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Studying the relationships between predators and their prey is generally complex but provides valuable knowledge into the process of evolution. The clay model method is a technique that has been widely used to assess prey-predator interaction. In the study, we used clay models of the Vietnam warty newt (Paramesotriton deloustali) to evaluate its predator pressures in Tam Dao National Park (NP), northern Vietnam. We also employed camera traps to detect specific predators of the newt in nature. Our camera trap results showed that northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri), rats (Rattus sp.), and greater coucal (Centropus sinensis) are predators of the newt in Tam Dao NP. For the clay model experiment observed attacks on the head of clay models were triple those expected by chance, indicating that predators perceived the clay model as actual prey items. The proportions on the models predated upon differed in three habitat types: broadleaf evergreen forests, mixed broadleaf evergreen and bamboo forests, and bamboo forests. We also detected that the attacks on the models were mainly made by mammals. Attack rates at nighttime were three times higher than during the daytime.

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無限にのびる斜面のうちの有限長2lを熱するか,あるいは冷却した場合の成層流体の応答を線型論により調べた。斜面の角度が小さい場合には,斜面に近いところの流れの性質が斜面の高さの半分h*_s=lsinφ(φは斜面の角度)が同じ2lの長さを持つヒートアイランド上に発達する熱的境界層の高さh*_T=α(υ/N)^1/3l^1/3(α～3.5)よりも高いかどうかによって変化した。
実際の斜面においてはh*_S>h*_Tは夜間にはしばしば満たされるので,流れはプラントルの理論の結果に近いが,昼間はh*_S<h*_Tであり,流れは対流に近くなる。

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There are inconsistent reports that the angiotensinogen (ATG) variant Met²³⁵→Thr (T235) allele and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) variants are associated with hypertension and related target organ damage. Both high blood pressure (BP) and abnormal diurnal BP variation patterns are related to target organ damage, but it is not known whether the above genetic variants of the renin-angiotensin system are related to 24h BP and the diurnal BP pattern in Japanese. We studied the association of the ATG T235 allele and ACE D allele with 24h BP and diurnal BP variation in 235 of 262 consecutive untreated (or off medication) elderly Japanese hypertensives who underwent 24h ambulatory BP monitoring. There was no significant association between the T235 or ACE D allele with office BP, but the T235 allele was significantly associated with 24h BP and day BP, and the D allele was significantly associated with increased 24h BP, day BP, and night BP. There were no effects of the T235 or D alleles on any BP parameters. Those with white-coat hypertension had a significantly lower T235 allele frequency (0.68) than those with sustained hypertension (0.79, p=0.010), but the difference in D allele frequency was marginal (0.30 vs. 0.38, p=0.057). In conclusion, in elderly Japanese hypertensive individuals, both the ATG T235 and ACE D alleles are associated with increased 24h BP and day BP, while only the ACE D allele is associated with increased night BP. (Hypertens Res 1999; 22: 95-103)

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昼夜温度差(DIF)によく反応するといわれるキュウリと反応が鈍いといわれるカボチャを用い,胚軸伸長への昼夜温度処理の影響を調べた.両作物の胚軸伸長は明期温度との相関が著しく高く,キュウリではDIF,日平均温度の順でこれに続き,暗期温度との相関は低かった.カボチャでは明期温度の次に日平均温度との相関が高く,暗期温度およびDIFとのそれは低かった.DIFまたは日平均温度と胚軸伸長との相関におけるキュウリ•カボチャ間の違いは,胚軸の伸長に対する暗期の適温がキュウリは低く,カボチャは高いことに原因があると考えられた.

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The net photosynthetic rate on a per-plant basis of the Oriental hybrid lily ‘Siberia’ was low at the leafing stage but increased rapidly at the visible flower bud and flowering stages. The range of 20 to 25°C was the optimum temperature for photosynthesis at the three plant developmental stages under PPFD of 700 to 850 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1. The respiration rate increased with the increasing temperature quadratically (in aerial plant parts) or exponentially (in underground parts). The ‘Siberia’ plants were grown under three day temperature (DT) conditions of 28°C, 24°C or 20°C, with a night temperature (NT) of 15°C or three NTs of 25°C, 20°C or 15°C, with DT of 25°C in the growth chambers. At the flowering stage, the plants grown under low DT of 20°C had a high dry weight (DW) of the total plant, flowers, bulb, and roots, and a high DW/fresh weight (FW) ratio of the leaves, stem, and bulb. The plants grown under low NT of 15°C had a high DW of the total plant and stem, and a high DW/FW ratio of the leaves and bulb. The plants that were grown under a low NT had a long stem length by the positive DIF effect, which was supported by sufficient dry mater accumulation. The plants grown under low DT of 20°C showed a high relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) from planting to flowering, whereas the NT condition did not affect the RGR or NAR.

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The aim of the present study was to analyze the activity of the trapezius muscle, the heart rate and the time pressure of Swiss and Japanese nurses during shifts. The parameters were measured during a day and a night shift of 17 Swiss and 22 Japanese nurses. The observed rest time of the trapezius muscle was longer for Swiss than for Japanese nurses during both shifts. The 10th and the 50th percentile of the trapezius muscle activity showed a different effect for Swiss than for Japanese nurses. It was higher during the day shift of Swiss nurses and higher during the night shift of Japanese nurses. Heart rate was higher for both Swiss and Japanese nurses during the day. The time pressure was significantly higher for Japanese than for Swiss nurses. Over the duration of the shifts, time pressure increased for Japanese nurses and slightly decreased for those from Switzerland. Considering trapezius muscle activity and time pressure, the nursing profession was more burdening for the examined Japanese nurses than for Swiss nurses. In particular, the night shift for Japanese nurses was characterized by a high trapezius muscle activity and only few rest times for the trapezius muscle.

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まず大学院が社会人を受け入れた経緯について整理し、続いて社会人を受け入れている大学院について制度等の整備状況を検証する。次に社会人と大学院進学の間に発生する問題群は、昼夜開講制大学院と社会人有職者という条件の組合せであると特定し、具体的事例をおりこみながら三つの問題点((1)社会人有職者の大学院進学をとりまく社会環境が未成熟であるために発生する問題、(2)大学院・研究科における制度や慣習を社会人の特性に適応させる配慮が不足しているために発生する問題、(3)社会人有職者自身の問題)について明らかにする。

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DIF（昼夜温度差），TD（短時間降温）およびTR（短時間昇温）がシネンシス系デルフィニウム‘ブルーミラー’の生育に及ぼす影響について調査した．草丈は，−DIF（暗期よりも明期の温度が低い）により，+DIF（暗期よりも明期の温度が高い）に比べ42～49％減少した．明期開始前後4時間，10℃のTDは，草丈に影響しなかった．一方，暗期開始後4時間，30℃のTRは，+DIFに比べ草丈を22～33％減少させた．−DIF処理した茎の髄細胞の長径と短径は，いずれも+DIFに比べ約20％減少した．髄細胞数は，垂直方向で+DIFに比べ26％減少したのに対して，水平方向での減少は5％にすぎなかった．シネンシス系デルフィニウムのシュートにおける内生GAとして，GA₉とGA₂₄が同定された．GA₂₄濃度は，−DIFでは+DIFよりも低く，DIFはジベレリン代謝を介して茎伸長を制御していることが示唆された．

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地球温暖化に伴い，林業主要樹種であるスギが炭素吸収・固定源として注目されている。炭素吸収・固定において光合成が重要な役割を果たしており，そのメカニズムの解明が求められる。本研究では，スギにおける光に対する光合成のメカニズムを明らかにするため，昼と夜の遺伝子発現をSuppression Subtractive Hybridization（SSH）とqRT-PCRを用いて解析した。その結果，ほとんどの光合成関連遺伝子の発現量には日中と夜間で差はみられず（例 Lhca4，PRK，PetC），統計解析の結果で有意差が認められたものであっても発現量の差は2倍以下であった（例 rbcL，ChlL，PsaB）。SSHの結果からは，細胞やキナーゼ関連遺伝子の発現量が夜間に増加しているが，光合成関連ではaldolaseを除いて差がないことが明らかになった。多くの高等植物において光合成関連遺伝子は光によって発現が誘導されると報告されていることから，スギの光合成遺伝子の転写制御は特異的なものであると推定される。

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ストック,キンギョソウ,パンジー,インパチェンスの苗を供試し,初期生長におけるDIFおよび平均気温の効果を,温度範囲15°Cから25°Cで評価した.
DIFおよび平均気温が伸長生長に及ぼす影響はすべての植物で認められた。草丈,第1節問長の伸長は,平均気温よりもDIFの影響が大きく,ODIF区に比較して,+DIFで促進され,-DIFで抑制された.ただし,伸長に対しては平均気温の影響が大きく,プラトーに達する前の初期生育段階では,好適気温の下で伸長が大きかった.第1葉葉柄長も草丈と同様の傾向を示し,+DIFにより伸長が促進され,-DIFにより抑制された.葉身長,葉柄長の伸長はいずれもDIFの影響よりも平均気温の影響が大きかった.同じ植物の間では,葉身長,展葉速度が最大となる平均気温は,互いにきわめて近かった.このようにD工Fは,植物の伸長がプラトー段階に達したときの最終的な伸長量を制御することから,草丈の制御に利用できるものと思われた.しかし,展葉速度に表される生育速度はDIFよりも平均気温による影響が大きいことから,育苗のように短期間での草丈制御を目的とする場合,DIFを変化させるよりも平均気温を変化させることによる草丈制御の方がより簡便であると考えられた.

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Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Enrei) plants were grown in pots (1 5-L volume) placed in a greenhouse with ventilation. At the time when the first flower opened, pots were transferred to growth chambers with natural lighting under day temperature of 30★ and night temperatures of 20, 25 or 30★. The numbers of flowers opened and pods set each day were recorded and the seed yield and yield components were investigated after harvest. The increase in night temperature decreased the seed size and increased the number of flowers and pods. As a result, the seed weight per plant was unaffected by night temperature. However, high night temperatures increased the number of flowers on the secondary and tertiary racemes. These flowers opened after the 18th day of the flowering period and showed a high rate of pod setting. These results suggest that a high night temperature stimulated flower opening and pod setting in the secondary and tertiary racemes. The increases in the numbers of flowers and pods could serve to moderate the reduction of seed yield caused by a high night temperature.

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