We conducted a questionnaire survey with 36 elementary school teachers who work with 93 foreign students to investigate the hurdles teachers face in supporting foreign students and the difficulties these students encounter in participating in classes and school life. Analyses employing the Mann–Whitney U test, the Pearson’s chi-square test and multiple regression analysis demonstrated that all elementary school teachers had trouble communicating with students’ parents from foreign backgrounds. Additionally, this research validated that according to the teachers, learning factors such as “listening,” “writing,” and “calculation and reasoning ability” substantially impacted foreign students’ participation in classes and school life. This work may contribute to elevating approaches for supporting foreign students as they navigate their struggles and serve as a foundation for more in-depth research on this topic.

抄録全体を表示

　 本研究の目的は，自閉症を主とする広汎性発達障害の子どもをもつ母親の子育てのプロセスを明らかにすることである。自閉症を主とする広汎性発達障害の子どもをもつ母親16名に対し半構成的面接を行い，分析には修正版グラウンデッド・セオリー・アプローチを用いた。母親の子育てのプロセスは，【どうすればいいのかわからない】【子どもとの向き合い方を探しなおす】【独自のやりとりでつながっていく】【子どもに合った子育てがわかるようになっていく】の４つのカテゴリーで構成されていた。母親は【どうすればいいのかわからない】から【子どもとの向き合い方を探しなおす】を転機として抜け出し，【独自のやりとりでつながっていく】と【子どもに合った子育てがわかるようになっていく】を廻っていく。母親が子どもとの向き合い方を探しなおすためには，子育てにおける出来事を他者と共に意味づけていくことが重要である。

抄録全体を表示

Nowadays, stimulant drug abuse is one of serious social problems in our country. This article reports on the treatment of stimulant drug addicts in a correctional institution on the basis of result of survey on their actual conditions. The prevalence of stimulant drug abuse in recent years is caused by (1) the fact that many addicts lack understanding on its bad effect, (2) that stimulant drug instantly gives addicts agreeable feeling, and (3) that the addict does not have crimirial feeling since it is a victimless crime. According to the result of the survey addicts were categorized into following three types. The first type: They had already committed another crimes before they abused the drug. And generally their criminality is high level. Most of them belong to a racketeers group. Treatment methods for first type are to arrange their company, to keep relationship with their family, and to make understanding about the bad effect of the drug. The second type: Most of them are drivers of bartenders. They abuse it for enduring all night work. Their crimiriality is not high, but their view on a job is biased. Treatment methodd for the second type are to give vocational training, to develop their regular habits, and to change their view on a job. The third type: They have had some troubles such as insolvency, unemployment, family complication and so on before they have abused. And they have lost their aspiration for life. Sometimes they to . Consequently, they have abused the stimulant drug in order to look for some excitment. Treatment methods for third type are to arrange relationship with family, to notice that stimulant drug abuse is heavy crime, to rouse volition of work.

抄録全体を表示

Complicated and delicate states of mind in adolescents, who are well developed physically but are immature mentally, are prone to be influenced by socio-environmental factors. The adolescents are incapable to respond and adapt themselves to these factors. Facing various psychological and metal frustrations, many adolescents are embarassed and to with them. These conditions characterize the occurrence and course of pscychosomatic disorders in adolescence and require specific considerations for their treatment. The present report is concerned with the practical problems in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders in adolescence.The ordeal of entrance examinations seems to be inevitable for the adolecents in Japan. Since 1966,the author has been engaged in the health consultation for the 3rd year students of junior and senior high schools and for the students of preparatory schools from the view point of psychosomatic medicine. During this period I dealt with more than 300 students and was strongly impressed by the complexity of mental state in these examinees. I was convinced of the great psychological impact of the entrance examinations and of the significance of psychosomatic approach in order to remove their symptoms. In this context, some cases were presented on the basis of concrete data.Psychosomatic disorders at puberty which need to be take into special consideration are as follows; gastric and duodenal ulcers, irritable colon syndrome, dysorexia nervosa and a persistent complaint of "my body stinks". In relation to these disorders it should be pointed out that depression is not rare at puberty.Finally, the author would like to emphasize an importance of understanding the mental state at puberty, and of establishing a good doctor-patient relationship based on mutual reliance in the treatment of adolescent psychosomatic disorders.

抄録全体を表示

The present study aimed to examine the reliability and construct validity of the “Leipzig Short Scale of Sense of Coherence” (SOC-L9) in a Japanese sample, using item analysis based on the Rasch measurement model, confirmatory factor analysis, and longitudinal correlation analysis. According to the item fit statistics, nine items and the total score were confirmed to fit the model assuming the one latent factor. Furthermore, the SOC-L9 scores significantly correlated with the original 29-item version of the SOC-L9. The factor analysis showed that, similar to the previous study, the same model which assumed covariance between errors of some items, was suitable. These results indicate that SOC-L9 had high reliability and validity.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this paper is to clarify how to treat children in schools from the position of educational administration. Educational administration has been aiming at improving the educational environment for children in schools. The final goal of educational administration is to provide good educational environment both for teachers and for students. However, it could be said that our society, the Japanese Association for the Study of Educational Administration, has not given much weight to students. The followings are some of the serious facts students are facing now in their schools. Fact 1: An increasing number of children need social welfare. Fact 2: An increasing number of children are in need of special education. Fact 3: An increasing number of children cannot get a chance to study at school as a result of worsening economic conditions or neglect by their parents or combination of both. What we (educational administers) have to do with the highest priority is to establish good educational environment in order to guarantee the right of education for these at-risk students. Above all, we need to improve school discipline for the sake of all students including at-risk students. Provided is the School Discipline Table. The table consists of five phases. Phase 0 or phase 1 indicates that many children have inner discipline and high self-efficacy. In addition, these children are sure that they can solve any problem for themselves. In these phases school are safe and well-disciplined, where both students and teachers are happy. On the other hand, phase 3 or 4 are very serious situations. These phases indicate that many of the children cannot understand their teachers' expectations for them so they to with themselves. Generally, those students cannot concentrate on their classes, where teachers have difficulty controlling their students. Consequently, the teachers get very exhausted and some of them get burnout. This kind of situation is called school disruption. What is the most important for us is not to miss the change of children according to changing times. And it is also important to establish good discipline in schools to keep schools safe for all students including at-risk students.

抄録全体を表示

A questionnaire-based survey was carried out in the 13th district of Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. For this purpose, 10 high schools, both private and public, were selected randomly. A total of 324 participants responded to the questions in the questionnaire. From the total respondents, 127 (39.2%) were female and 197 (60.8%) male; all were in the 15 to 25 age range. Most of the students (75%) had experienced an earthquake, but their perceptions and knowledge about earthquake mitigation were not good as over 50% did not know what to do during an earthquake. Regarding the current situation, 64% responded that disaster education had not been included in their school curricula. The wide participation and strong interest of the students in this survey are expected to foster further research and investigation, as the majority of them (70%) were in a position to transfer their knowledge about earthquake disaster mitigation to their families.

Based on the survey findings, despite the contribution of students who had already experienced disaster education outside of Afghanistan, students’ disaster mitigation knowledge was undeniably poor. There is a clear need to establish and plan for the disaster prevention education system in Afghanistan. There is a lack of understanding regarding effective behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge. This problem was probably caused by the absence of disaster education, teaching materials, and expert staff. Therefore, it is highly recommended to integrate disaster prevention education into school curricula, reduce the earthquake risk by sharing disaster information through students’ parent council meetings at schools, and improve public awareness in order to create a society that is resilient to earthquakes.

抄録全体を表示

As promising benefits of online collaborative learning are evidenced, a digital learning community is taking its place as a popular learning environment. Despite the many benefits of collaborative learning, learners experience ambivalence. The promising benefits of a learning community cannot be obtained without purposeful facilitation. The primary goal of this study is to see if activity theory is useful to analyze and explain the learning process in a digital learning community. The secondary agenda is to capture the conflicts or contradictions manifested in the activity system. As a pilot study, this paper examines the applicability of activity theory to collaborative e-learning scenarios.

抄録全体を表示

The Pacific Islander population in the United States continues to grow due to outmigration and a unique immigration arrangement. Under the Compacts of Free Association (COFA), citizens from three Remote Oceania countries can travel to the United States to live and work without restriction. Given the special status of COFA migrants, there is a growing interest among policymakers and researchers to better understand this population, which has often been overlooked. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic has recently spotlighted this community due to their exceedingly high rates of infection, hospitalization, and morbidity. This study examines how migration is experienced during a pandemic via a case study of first-generation Micronesians living in Oregon’s Willamette Valley, one of the largest Micronesian communities in the United States. Interviews reveal how social determinants of health – such as economic stability, non-discrimination and equal treatment, access to healthcare, employment, and housing – may contribute to unequal health outcomes between Pacific Islander immigrants and other racial and ethnic populations. These determinants also contribute to human dignity. Using the emergent Migration with Dignity framework, this study assesses how the pandemic has challenged the six dimensions of dignity and disrupted the migration experience, including the push-pull factors for deciding to emigrate to and stay in the United States. Finally, the study assesses resources available for COFA citizens and avenues for improved support.

抄録全体を表示

Despite the difficulty in understanding English noun countability and its relevance to the use of English articles, research on noun countability has been rather sparse, and the results have not been integrated into a larger picture. Therefore, this study reviews previous research and summarises the criteria that Japanese learners use to make countability judgments: (1) a tendency to regard English noun countability as fixed, (2) a tendency to regard concrete or visualisable entities as countable and abstract entities as uncountable, (3) a tendency to regard something non-specific as uncountable and (4) a tendency to be unable to apply the idea of 'boundedness' when making countability judgments on abstract nouns. Finally, the reasons for the difficulty in deciding the countability of abstract nouns are discussed and the best and most practical way to cope with the difficulty is proposed.

抄録全体を表示

近年、医療における患者の理解や同意を得ることについては重要だとする認識が広がってきているが、その背後にある患者の納得については、研究対象として取り上げられる機会は限られている。本調査では、標準治療を選択せず、脱ステロイド療法を試した経験があるアトピー性皮膚炎の人を対象に、どのようなときに納得したのか調査を行い、彼／彼女らにとって「納得のいく医療」とは何かを探った。調査の結果、「同じ価値観を共有する」「深く継続的な信頼関係がある」「症状が安定する」「不確実性を共有する」という4点が納得の要因として抽出された。さらに、本論の新たな知見として、不確実性の高い状況においては、医師が「不確実性に対して開かれている」ことが納得につながること、さらに、納得が動的なプロセスのなかで作り上げられるものであるという「プロセスとしての納得」という特徴が見いだせた。

抄録全体を表示

Background: Fatigue is the most common symptom in cancer patients, resulting from a variety of factors. About 80％ of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy are believed to experience fatigue.

Objective: Levels of fatigue in patients with malignant lymphoma who received chemotherapy were evaluated.

Interventions/Methods: Participants were malignant lymphoma patients who received CHOP (R-CHOP) treatment or THP-COP (R-THP-COP) treatment. A fatigue questionnaire was given to evaluate patients’ levels of fatigue and weakness at the baseline and on the 4th, 8th and 12th days after chemotherapy.

Results: After treatment, the level of fatigue based on the Cancer Fatigue Scale (CFS) was the highest on the 8^th day. The difference in the levels between the 8^th day and the first day was significant (p<0.001).

Conclusions: The results suggest that the most marked physical fatigue was experienced on day 8 during each treatment period.

Implications for Nursing/Interpretation: It is important to focus more attention through nursing intervention research on circumstances involving patients’ feelings of fatigue during malignant lymphoma chemotherapy.

抄録全体を表示

This study was conducted with 31 patients with chronic spinal cord injury at a rehabilitation clinic. It clarified the relationship between ‘degrees of satisfaction with life’ and a ‘forecast future’ and determined factors influencing the degree of life satisfaction from physical, social and psychological perspectives using data on their psychological conditions and their forecasts of their lives one, three and five years after the interview. Results indicate that those who determined their own clinic departure time had significantly stronger satisfaction with their lives than those who did not. Moreover, those who forecast their own life for the subsequent three years as either positive or negative show a significantly strong tendency toward life satisfaction. In addition, there is no correlation and causal connection between physical/social factors and the degree of life satisfaction. Path analysis shows that the factors directly contributing to strong positive correlation with the degree of life satisfaction were (1) correlation of forecast and hopes for life three years later and (2) self-acknowledgement. The result regarding agreement between forecast and hopes supports “client-centered practice” as an ethos for occupational therapy; that ethos is playing a significant role in quality of life for the patient subjects.

抄録全体を表示