Climate policies at a national level and private sector initiatives are becoming important. Climate actions are of paramount importance as a policy priority for the EU and the Democrats/Democratic-leaning independents in the United States. In the EU and the United States, climate policies, and trade and financial policies are being linked. European Commission President von der Leyen considers introducing a carbon border adjustment mechanism, and in the United States both Democrats and Republicans also consider imposing a border carbon adjustment for the presidential election. In the EU, a unified classification system （ʻtaxonomyʼ） on what can be considered an environmentally sustainable economic activity is discussed in order to facilitate sustainable investment. In the United States, on the other hand, there is a discussion on whether ESG finance hinders energy infrastructure investment. Behind long-term strategies of global energy companies towards a low carbon economy lie the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure and institutional investors groupsʼ move over shareholder resolutions. Against this background, some upstream energy and utility companies have sold coal assets, strengthened natural gas assets or switched to renewable energy and energy efficiency businesses, while others sold natural gas assets from a longer-term perspective. In addition, several upstream energy companies, especially the US companies, recently invested in technologies such as CCUS.

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This paper treats the case that a group of objects is tracked by a group of particles of the particle filter. When the object group separates, the particle filter may fail in tracking, or there may be objects which are not tracked by the filter. This paper proposes a new method for detecting separations of objects tracked by the particle filter. After the detection, a group of particles is rearranged to each object group so that all objects can be tracked by the particle filter. Results are demonstrated by experiments using real videos.

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Among the cognitive radio technologies, cooperative spectrum sensing has been corroborated to be an effective approach to counter channel fading. Recent research about it is mainly with the assumption that secondary users (SUs) are synchronous with primary users (PUs). In this letter, we discuss the asynchronous situation for the first time, which means SUs have no idea about the communication time table of PUs' network. Based on the ON/OFF channel model, we derive the detection and false alarm probabilities, and the optimal sensing parameters under such asynchronous scenario. Simulation results are shown in the end.

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Flow visualization study was conducted to investigate the quasi-periodical behavior of the laminar separation bubble formed on a NACA0012 airfoil at the angles of attack α=11–12^º. The Reynolds number based on the airfoil chord was Re=1.3×10⁵. At α=11.5^º, the flow over the airfoil quasi-periodically switches between a large separated flow and an attached flow with small separation near the leading edge at a frequency of about 2Hz. This attached flow resembles the flow pattern with a short bubble formed near the leading edge such as at α=10^º. Ejection of large vortices downstream was observed during the quasi-periodical switching. The flow stays attached to the airfoil surface at α=11^º. As the angle of attack is increased, the large separated flow becomes dominant. At α=12^º, the flow is completely separated largely.

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We will describe a rather new X-ray structural technique, Diffraction Anomalous Fine Structure (DAFS), in which the Bragg diffraction intensities of a fixed momentum transfer is measured as a function of the incident X-ray energy. This technique can provide the same short-range structural information as XAFS.
Because DAFS combines the capabilities of diffraction and XAFS into a single technique, it has two enhanced sensitivities compared to the separate technique. These are “spatial selectivity” and “ site selectivity”. In this chapter semiconductor interface structure study as an example for spatial selectivity and structural study of high Tc superconductor as an example for site selectivity will be shown.

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For rationalizing equipment insulation level which can subsequently lead to reductions in the cost of substation equipment such as GIS’s and transformers, it is necessary to reexamine insulating test voltages by investigating the method of evaluating lightning surge waveforms in terms of the equivalent standard lightning impulse waveforms. This paper describes the evaluation method for real surges (called non-standard lightning impulse waveform), based on insulation characteristics of gas gaps. The method is applied to typical surges in the lightning surge time region for various UHV and 500kV systems and it is obtained that the equivalent peak values of the standard lightning impulse waveform are possibly reduced by 20 to 30 percents.

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A lot of studies of global land cover map have been produced so far. However, there are only a few global maps representing the place and the time that large changes occurred. In this study, there were produced those areas where land cover changes may have taken place during the period between 1982 and 2000. These areas were extracted on the basis of NDVI temporal profiles derived from the NOAA-AVHRR data. Furthermore the difference in results by two types of NDVI data set was examined.
The method of producing these maps is as follows. Possible land cover change areas were extracted from the change of the annual mean of NDVI, the difference between its annual maximum and minimum values and its annual pattern. Years of land cover change were determined by large NDVI change during a certain year. In the mapping process potential land cover change was detected in the case that the NDVI value didn't recover to the previous level after it had changed. The NDVI change which was affected by the weather change or geometric misregistration was excluded from land cover change. As a result, a possible land cover change map was produced which shows large vegetation change such as the transformation of the desert to cropland, the deforestation for cropland or disappearing of wetland.

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In this paper we propose a new method known as “the line detection method” in order to detect small pieces of LEO debris. Directions of the line created by small LEO debris on CCD images are supposed and values of pixels along the direction are accumulated to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. This method is able to detect 30 to 40 times darker LEO debris than usual methods. We tested this method by using the 35cm telescope and the back-illuminated CCD camera at the Mt. Nyukasa Astronomical Observatory. One small LEO debris whose radar cross section was 0.0047 square meter was detected. The observation facilities at the Bisei Spaceguard Center, the 1m telescope and the back-illuminated wide field camera, are expected to detect LEO debris of a few centimeter with this method. The line detection method will be used to probe the environment of small LEO debris and contribute to solve the space debris problem.

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A pH dependence of absorption spectra of carthamin in aqueous solution was investigated by the principal component method. In aqueous solution near to neutral condition, the spectral change showed the existence of two components, A and B, the maximum absorption of which were at 520 and 500 nm, respectively. They seemed to correspond to F0 and Fx0 in silk cloth dyed from the neutral dye bath, as reported previously. The following equilibrium was set up between the components of A and B : A<-> B + H+ (.log K = 6.9). In acidic conditions, a small amount of the third component existed. On the other hand, the other components (D and D') existed in alkaline conditions. On the basis of the examination results, the acid-base equilibriums between these components were supposed, and the chemical species having different number of dissociated hydroxyl groups of carthamin were tentatively assigned to these components.

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本研究では，青森県深浦台地の北一鉱床に認められる層状マンガン鉱床の地質年代を解明することを目的に放散虫化石層序の検討を行った．その結果，層厚50cmの酸化マンガン層およびその下位の凝灰質砂岩層はE. inflatum帯の上部に相当すると考えられる（中期中新世後期：12.9～11.8Ma）．一方，酸化マンガン層の上位の凝灰質砂岩はL. pylomaticus帯からH. parviakitaense帯（鮮新世：5.4～2.7Ma）に形成された地層であると推測される．酸化マンガン層とその上位の凝灰質砂岩の間には，約700万年間の無堆積があったと考えられる．従来，北一鉱床の酸化マンガン層および凝灰質砂岩は下部中新統上部の田野沢層に対比されてきた．しかし本研究の結果は，年代的に周辺地域に分布する大童子層，赤石層，および舞戸層相当であることを示している．

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Genetic Programming (GP) is an extension of Genetic Algorithm(GA) to handle more structural problems. In this paper, an approach to filter circuit design by GP is proposed. By designing a gene which includes not only the parameters of consisting elements, but also the structural information of the circuit, it becomes possible to apply the proposed approach to various types of filter circuits. GP depends much on trial and error due to its probabilitic nature. To decrease this uncertainty and ensure the progress of the evolution, Parallel GP with multiple populations with the island model is also proposed. An MPI-based cluster system is used for realization of this parallel computing where each island correspondsd to each node. A lowpass and an asymmetric bandpass filters are designed. One hundred times of trials for multiple populations with and without migrations are tested in the design of lowpass filter to confirm the validity of the proposed method. In the asymmetric bandpass filter design, the results are compared with those of the circuit designed by hand to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed approach is applicable to various types of filter circuits. It can contribute to an automated design procedure, where it would require a expirenced designer if done by hand. It is also possible to obtain a new circuit design which would not be possible if done by hand.

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This paper presents a grid snapping technique, called multi-resolution fuzzy grid snapping (MFGS), that enables automatic mouse cursor snapping for a multi-resolution grid system. Quick and frequent switching between high- and low-resolution grid snapping is essential to make geometrical drawings that include both fine and coarse structures when using CAD systems with ordinary single-resolution grid systems. MFGS is intended to relieve users of this tedious manual switching. MFGS dynamically selects an appropriate snapping resolution level from a multi-resolution grid system according to the pointing behavior of the user. MFGS even supports an extremely fine grid resolution level, which is referred to as the no-snapping level. We show experimental results which demonstrate that MFGS is an effective grid snapping technique that speeds up low-resolution grid snapping while retaining the ability to snap to high-resolution grids. Furthermore, we examine the role of fuzziness in MFGS and its effect on snapping performance.

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