Applying life cycle assessment in PCB (printed circuit board) production, most of environmental impacts come from outside-factory-process due to power generation, especially, and other raw material productions. Relatively, small environmental impacts of inside-factory-process make it difficult to compare them. To overcome this problem, allocating environmental impacts of outside-factory-process on inside-factory-process. It helps to identify the environmental impacts of each process and of environmental impacts.

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This paper introduces a task switch history visualization tool for ART-Linux. It is designed to develop real-time applications efficiently. It helps developers to confirm that their applications are executed periodically without modifying their applications and to of problems. It consists of three parts, Record tool, Record server and Visualization tool and supports multi-processor (core) systems. The record tool reads a task switch history from ART-Linux kernel and writes it on a inter-processor shared memory. The record server provides gathered histories to the visualization tool. The visualization tool visualize histories and provides analysis functions.

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The Palace Style pottery is of a peculiar style among the Aegean potteries. Evans and Furumark had noticed that while its shapes and ornaments were Cretan, the stylization and the disposition of its ornamental design were Helladic. Besides this, its second characteristic, its monumentality, makes it unique in other Aegean pottery. What makes the Palace Style pottery appear monumental? The effect is gained primarily by a large and broad belly ornamental frieze which shows great complexity of pattern, but never betrays any sign of confusion, mainly because of its concentration or grouping. Now, where shall we of these characteristics which produce such an effect of grandeur? Investigating every piece of the chief designs and their disposition, I have come to the conclusion as follows: (1) Influence of Cretan fresco-Nearly all the designs are copied, not from the Cretan LM I pottery, but from the Knossian frescoes, and moreover the main frieze (belly frieze) is framed above and below with black broad lines. One may even assume that somewhere in the vase-painter's mind lurked an image of the Knossian fresco. That is why the patterns of the main frieze show a far more complicated and monumental appearance than, those of ordinary Aegean potteries. (2) Influence of Egypt -Some of the Palace Style patterns are clearly derived from Egyptian art and furthermore an Egyptian way of representation, grandiose and imposing, must have exercised a strong influence on this style. It cannot be doubted that with the beginning of LM II the intercourse between Egypt and the Mycenaean mainland suddenly became intensive. (3) Mycenaean tectonic character- The concentration or grouping of patterns and their stylization, often even symmetrical, originated from the Mycenaean (Helladic) mind. The Middle Mycenaean period (LM II) is the grand age when the Mycenaean monumentality reached its peak, the fact, of which the citadels, tholos and sculptures are unmistakable proofs. Besides, the Palace Style also shows the way in which the Greek genius absorbed foreign cultures. It is true that the Greeks were always ready to learn from the advanced foreign cultures, yet they never went so far as to let any change occur which would affect the essential character of their own culture. The Mycenaean Greeks learned from the Cretans every aspect of the Mediterranean way of living, but were, it seems, least interested in naturalism which was the specific characteristic of Cretan art. Thus the Cretan naturalistic patterns were transformed by the Greeks into something, stylized and artificial.

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近年沖縄県下で古い在来種タバコの子孫と思われる12の自生タバコの種子が蒐集されたが，これらの蒐集系統について，形態特性ならびに主要病害に対する抵抗性を調査するとともに育種素材としての有用性を検討した。これら蒐集系統の問にはきわめて広範な形態変異がみられ，草丈は95.3cmから171.9cm，葉数は9.8枚から17.3枚，葉型指数は0.471から0.764まであり，葉型には有柄と無柄，花色にはピンク，白，ピンクと白の絞りの3種類があった。病害抵抗性については，いずれも黒板病とうどんこ病にはある程度の低抗性を示したが，立枯病にはほとんどが罹病性で，疫病には高度抵抗性から罹病性まで広範な変真が認められた。従来わが国の在来種の中には疫病に対して高度な低抗性を示す品種はみつけられておらず，本試験で高度な低抗性を示した系統は育種素材として有用であると推察された。

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Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are synthetic surfactants used in Japan. An epidemiological study of workers exposed to PFOA revealed a significant increase in prostate cancer mortality. A cross-sectional study of PFOA-exposed workers showed that PFOA perturbs sex hormone homeostasis. We analyzed their concentrations in surface water samples collected from all over Japan by LC/MS with a solid phase extraction method. The lowest limits of detection (LOD) (ng/L) were 0.06 for PFOA and 0.04 for PFOS. The lowest limits of quantification (LOQ) (ng/L) were 0.1 for both analytes. The levels [geometric mean (GM); geometric standard deviation (GS)] (ng/L) of PFOA and PFOS in the surface waters were GM (GS): 0.97 (3.06) and 1.19 (2.44) for Hokkaido-Tohoku (n=16); 2.84(3.56) and 3.69 (3.93) for Kanto (n=14); 2.50 (2.23) and 1.07 (2.36) for Chubu (n=17); 21.5 (2.28) and 5.73 (3.61) for Kinki (n=8); 1.51 (2.28) and 1.00 (3.42) for Chugoku (n=9); 1.93 (2.40) and 0.89 (3.09) for Kyushu-Shikoku (n=15). The GM of PFOA in Kinki was significantly higher than in other areas (ANOVA p<0.01). Systematic searches of Yodo and Kanzaki Rivers revealed two highly contaminated sites, a public-water-disposal site for PFOA and an airport for PFOS. The former was estimated to release 18 kg of PFOA/d. PFOA in drinking water in Osaka city [40 (1.07) ng/L] was significantly higher than in other areas. The present study confirms that recognizable amounts of PFOA are released in the Osaka area and that people are exposed to PFOA through drinking water ingestion.

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The authors analyze the developmental framework of digital libraries in China and point out their current demand characteristics, development requirements, and developmental period. They then conclude that it is necessary to start up a new paradigm evolution of a digital library, from a traditional digital library to a virtual digital library. On that basis, they describe in detail several problems and developmental approaches that developing a virtual digital library must deal with, drawing lessons from the prototype DILIGENT.

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This descriptive retrospective study examines and describes the course of the illness experience over time of invasive mechanical ventilator (IMV)-dependent patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan, with attention to the factors related to psychological well being (PWB). Data from 50 subjects was gathered through written surveys and semi-structured interviews.
Three distinct PWB trajectory patterns were observed over time periods beginning onset : “fall-rise,” “fall-rise-fall,” and “fall-remain low.” We found that factors predictive of PWB improvement or deterioration could be grouped into two broad categories : “factors related to illness, survival, and coping,” and “lifestyle-related factors.” The first category included “physical symptoms and disabilities,” “treatment,” “acceptance of the disease,” and second included “daily lifestyle,” “plans for the future,” “personal relationships,” “reasons for living.” The most fundamental reasons for deterioration in PWB were “mental and physical suffering caused by decline of physical function” and “internal conflict about IMV use.” The relief of physical pain related to IMV was the most important factor predictive of an initial improvement in PWB, while the two factors most predictive of ongoing improvements in PWB were “sources of joy” and “family support.” We hope an improved understanding of these factors may aid in informing caregivers and healthcare systems.

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海外から導入した品種の種子生産力および採種量に影響をおよぼすと思われる諸形質の相互関係やその重要度を知るため3ヵ年(昭和38〜40年)間試験を行なった。チモシー21品種,オーチャードグラス25品種を供試し,50cm条播乱塊法3友復とした。チモシーにおける採種量は例外はあったが概して在来種が収量高くほとんどの導入品種は低収であった。これに反して,オーチャードグラスでは一般に導入品種の種子生産力がすぐれていた。両草種とも播種3年目における採種量は,前年に比べて著しく減退した。調査した7または8形質について,採種量に対する単純相関を求めた結果,チモシーでは採種量と桿長,100穂当たり粒重および100粒重との間に高度に有意な正の相関が認められた。出穂期や倒伏とは負の相関を示し,早生で倒伏しがたいものが採種量が多いことを示唆した。オーチャードグラスの採種量は稈長および穂数との間に有意な正の相関が認められ,出穂期とは負の相関が得られた。しかしながら,径路分析によってこれらの相関係数を直接効果と間接効果に分割したところ,単純相関でみた場合と多少違った結果が得られた。すなわちチモシーにおける採種量は100穂当たり粒重や100粒重に直接影響される点は,単純相関の場合と同じであったが,桿長,出穂期および倒伏は100当たり粒重や100粒重を通して与える正また負はの間接効果が大きいために,単純相関係数の価が高くなったもので,いわゆる見かけの数字であることが明らかにされた。また,オーチャードグラスにおける採種量は,穂数の多少によって最も強く影響され,桿長,出穂期および穂長は年次により一定の傾向は得られなかったが,概して余り重要な形質ではないと認められた。以上,この試験で得られた成績の限りでは,種子生産力の高い品種を育成するには,チモシーにおいては100穂当たり粒重と100粒重,オーチャードグラスでは穂数,という重要形質を中心にしそ選抜するのが効果的であるという暗示が与えられた。

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How did the splitting of the Tana Toraja region in 2008 challenge the local aristocrats’ dual role in adat and politics in the new North Toraja? Why and how did these aristocrats fail to secure their dual role after the 2015 election? After 32 years of the New Order regime, adat rights were finally revived through the Return to Lembang regulation in 2001. The law channelled noble families’ hereditary rights back to local political affairs. However, the splitting of the region, or pemekaran daerah, opened a new venue for power contestation in North Toraja District. Following the second direct local head election in 2015, noble families’ role in politics gradually diminished due to the participation of a growing class of wealthy and politically strong non-traditional elites in democratic elections. Using interviews, triangulated with government archives and media resources, I extend previous studies of North Toraja aristocrats’ advantage to reassert their dual role—in adat and politics—after the region’s split. I argue that decentralization policies initiated through democratic elections came with high risks for aristocrats to again secure their traditional hereditary rights. This study was inspired by Lee Ann Fujii’s (2014) accidental ethnography study based on stories and unplanned encounters in Bosnia, Rwanda, and other places. It aims to contribute to an understanding of decentralization and indigenous minority groups’ survival in Indonesia’s multicultural society.

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　　Applying dynamic systems theories (DST) of empirical research to second language (L2) motivation is the center of attention of recent L2 motivation research. Among DST, this study used an ecological systems approach to understand situational and contextual factors of ambivalence about communicating in English among Japanese youth. Data were collected from 127 university students using open-ended questions about reflective writings and numerical items for examining the vividness of students’ learning experiences. The data were qualitatively analyzed using a grounded theory (GT) procedure and interpreted using DST and Bronfenbrenner’s (1979, 1993) ecological model. The GT analyses showed situations in which students were most willing to communicate and situations in which they were least willing to communicate. These situations were interrelated with situations in which students’ possible L2 selves were generated by the interactions with teachers, friends, classmates, and family. The links between the vividness of their learning experiences and trait-like willingness to communicate (WTC) were identified. The results suggested students with more vivid learning experiences have higher trait-like WTC, although situational waves from WTC to UnWTC occur with subtle contextual changes. Pedagogical implications for treating students’ inhibitory behavior in English use are also discussed.

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This paper proposes a network clock system that detects degradation in the frequency accuracy of network clocks distributed across a network and finds the sources of the degradation. This system uses two factors to identify degradation in frequency accuracy and an algorithm that finds degradation sources by integrating and analyzing the evaluation results gathered from the entire network. Many frequency stability measurement systems have been proposed, and most are based on time synchronization protocols. These systems also realize avoidance of frequency degradation and identification of the sources of the degradation. Unfortunately, the use of time synchronization protocols is impractical if the service provider, such as NTT, has already installed a frequency synchronization system; the provider must replace massive amounts of equipment with new devices that support the time synchronization protocols. Considering the expenditure of installment, this is an excessive burden on service providers. Therefore, a new system that can detect of frequency degradation in network clocks and identify the degradation causes without requiring new equipment is strongly demanded. The proposals made here are implemented by the installation of new circuit cards in current equipment and installing a server that runs the algorithm. This proposed system is currently being installed in NTT's network.

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本論では、内モンゴルにおける遠隔地の牧畜民の牧畜戦略について検討した。現在のモンゴル高原での牧畜戦略は、都市に近い郊外では販売可能な畜産品の種類を増加させて現金収入を確保する一方、遠隔地においては家畜頭数の規模に依存して現金収入確保を目指している。いずれの地域も畜産品売却による現金収入を主目的に牧畜が行われており、生業性は低い。こうした傾向は2000年以降、グローバルな資本投下により都市部を中心にインフラ整備が進行するにつれて顕著となった。

シリンゴル盟の牧畜民に関する比較からは、2010年現在の遠隔地の牧畜が、1990年代の同地域や現在の郊外事例と比較して経済的(家畜頭数)に余裕の少ないことが示唆された。

また現在の事例データから収支構造を分析した結果、都市流出への閾値となる年間純収入を下回っていると思われる牧畜民も存在し、飼料にかけるコストにもよるが小家畜300頭以下の規模では十分な収入を得られないケースが散見された。また各種補助金の存在は収入源として無視できないが、補助金支給の根拠となる政策実施による家畜頭数の減少に対して完全な穴埋めとはなっていないことが明らかになった。

干ばつや家畜売却額の低迷などのシミュレーションも行った結果、家畜価格が30%下落すると現在牧畜民として生活しえている層にも深刻な影響がある可能性が明らかになった。それでも彼らは牧畜セクタから積極的に退出せず、牧畜民であり続けようと努力するだろうことは想像される一 方現状の内モンゴルの郊外で行われているのとは違った形で収入の確保を図らなくてはならない。

現在の内モンゴルでは、相対的に市場経済から遠い遠隔地草原の牧畜民ですら、市場経済の論理 が生業の論理を圧倒するような、つまり脱生業的な状況を生きているといえる。

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