The Christian kingdom of northern Ethiopia lost almost half of her territory to the Oromo during the second half of the sixteenth century. The Zenahu lä- (History of the ) written by Bahrey in 1593 is the most important work on this “Oromo Migration.” In the same period as the Zenahu lä-, the chronicle of Emperor Särsä Dengel (r. 1563-97) was also written. This chronicle is one of the “Royal Chronicles” which constitute the nucleus of the historiography in this region. In the present paper, the author considers a characteristic of the historiography of northern Ethiopia during the second half of the Solomonic Period (1540-1769), by examining why Bahrey had to defend his writing of the Zenahu lä- and why the authors of the “Royal Chronicles” spent so many pages on the emperors' victories.
The conclusions are as follows.
1. Bahrey wrote the Zenahu lä- to assert that the Oromo often defeated Christian armies because Oromo social institutions and customs were suited for warfare. On the other hand, the intellectuals thought that historical accounts should be composed in order to praise the deeds of “Good Christians.” There-fore Bahrey justified his writing about the history of the Oromo, who were non-christians, by citing the history of the famous Coptic historian al-Makin, which spent many pages on Muslims' history.
2. The author of the chronicle of Särsä Dengel criticized al-Makin's work and did not describe in detail the damage caused by the Oromo, because his purpose was to reveal the miracles of God which he found in Emperor's deeds, especially his military successes. The authors of the “Royal Chronicles” during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inherited this policy.
The impact of the “Oromo Migration” produced the Zenahu lä-. However, its impact was transient. Defending Christianity continued to be a characteristic of the historiography of northern Ethiopia throughout the second half of the Solomonic Period.

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The Christian kingdom of northern Ethiopia lost almost half its territory to the Oromo during the second half of the 16th century. The History of the

(Zenahu lä-) written by Baḥrәy in 1593 is the most important work on this Oromo invasion. The chronicle of Śärsä Dəngəl (r. 1563–1597) was contemporaneous with The History of the and is one of the royal chronicles that represent the nucleus of the historiography related to this region. The present paper considers the characteristics of historiography in northern Ethiopia during the second half of the Solomonic Period (1540–1769) by examining why Baḥrәy had to defend his writing of The History of the and why the authors of the royal chronicles devoted so many pages to the monarchs’ military victories.

The following hypotheses are proposed:

1.Baḥrәy wrote The History of the

to assert that the Oromo frequently defeated the Christian armies because the social institutions and customs of the Oromo were better suited for warfare. On the other hand, intellectuals thought that historical accounts should be written to praise deeds of “good Christians.” Therefore, Baḥrәy justified his writing about the history of the Oromo, who were non-Christians, by citing the works of the famous Coptic historian al-Makīn, who had devoted many pages to Muslim history.

2.The author of The Chronicle of Śärsä Dəngəl criticized al-Makīn’s work and did not describe in detail the damage caused by the Oromo because his purpose was to reveal the miracles of God, which he found in the monarchs’ deeds, especially their military successes. The authors of the royal chronicles during the 17th and 18th centuries continued this policy.

The impact of the Oromo incursion was addressed in The History of the

. However, the impact of these events on historiography was transient. The defense of Christianity continued to be a characteristic of the historiography of northern Ethiopia throughout the second half of the Solomonic Period.

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Gallotannins in six crude drugs ( Chinensis, Halepensis, Paeoniae Radix, Moutan Cortex, Uvae Ursi Folium and Trapae Fructus) were isolated by a combination of Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The structures of gallotannins were determined mainly by ^1H-and ^<13>C-NMR spectroscopy as shown in Fig. 5. The gallotannins in Chinensis, Paeoniae Radix and Moutan Cortex have a 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose(6) core and those of Halepensis have a 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose(5) core. The depside galloyl group of hexagalloylglcuose in Paeoniae Radix and Moutan Cortex is attached to C-6 position of glucose, but that of Chinensis is randomly distributed among C-2, C-3 and C-4 positions. The ^<13>C-NMR spectra indicated that the depside galloyl group in gallotannins is linked not only with m- but also p-hydroxyl group of another galloyl group. The presence of gallotannins in 154 crude drugs was tested by HPLC; seven crude drugs, Nupharis Rhizoma, Pylolae Herba, Rosa Multiflorae Fructus, Euclypti Folium, Guava (Psidium guajava L.) and Kayuptih (Melaleuca leucadendron), were found to contain gallotannins. The gallotannins in Paeoniae Radix decreased blood urea nitrogen concentration in rat serum in vivo. Moreover, gallotannins inhibited the growth of certain bacteria and the respiration of rat liver mitochondria in vitro.

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和漢薬11種を用いてA型ボツリヌス神経毒素を中和する物質の探索を行なった.ゴバイシ・ゲンノショウコの粗抽出液に毒素中和活性を見出した.毒素中和活性の中では,すでに報告した紅茶抽出液が最も強力であり,ゴバイシ,ゲンノショウコの順であった.アセンヤク・エイジツ・オウゴン・オウレン・カイカ・カッコン・ジュウヤク・トウヤク・ボッショクシには毒素中和活性が見られなかった.ゴバイシとボッショクシは虫が植物に寄生して作られた虫えいであり,タンニンを主成分とするが,ゴバイシにはA型ボツリヌス毒素中和活性が認められたが,ボッショクシは認められなかった.

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The extracts of Coptidis japonica (rhizoma), Eugenia caryophyllata (flower), Rheum palmatum (rhizoma), Magnolia officinalis (cortex) and Rhus javanica ( rhois) potently inhibited the grow of Helicobacter pylori (HP). However, these herbal extracts showed no inhibitory effect on HP urease except rhois. Among the components separated from active herbal extracts by silica gel column chromatography, the inhibitory effects of decursinal angelate and decursion on the growth of HP were the most potent, followed by magnolol, berberine, cinnamic acid, decursinol and gallic acid. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of decursin and decursinol anglate were 6-20 μg/ml

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The bioassay-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of Rhois furnished two hepatoprotective compounds, an equilibrium mixture of 3-galloyl-gallic acid and 4-galloyl-gallic acid isomers (3), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (4), and two inactive phenolic compounds, gallic acid methyl ester (1) and gallic acid (2). Compounds 3 and 4 showed significant hepatoprotective effects with EC₅₀ values of 70.39±5.4 and 29.51±0.7 μM, respectively, against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity, and 150.9±6.4 and 23.81±0.5 μM, respectively, against nitrofurantoin-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells.

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The Oromo migrated into the Christian kingdom of northern Ethiopia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Although several studies have examined the military and administrative reforms that occurred during this period, little is known about the kingdom’s financial reforms. I evaluated the historical significance of the Queima cattle tribute imposed during this time and concluded the following. The state revenue of the kingdom decreased during the period of the Oromo migration. Every person who owned cows paid one cow for every ten cows owned every three years during the reign of Susnəyos (r. 1607–1632); this tribute was known as Queima by the Jesuits and täkws in Amharic. Queima was imposed during the first half of the 1550s in an effort to reconstruct the kingdom, which had been devastated by the Muslims during the first half of the 16th century. Yohännəs I (r. 1667–1682) abolished the tribute in 1667 for several reasons, including the heavy burden it placed on the peasantry. Queima was a principal tribute, and the revenue collected from it contributed to the survival of the kingdom.

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As the mariculture technique had been developed, annual production of shallow water cultures exceeded that of adjacent water fisheries in recent years in Korea. For reducing production losses from infectious diseases in fish aquaculture, various strategies were employed including treatment of effective chemotherapeutics, development of herbal immunostimulants and vaccination, etc. For the treatment of bacterial diseases 27 antibacterial agents have been used under government license. Frequent use of these drugs was accompanied with occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria. Recently, new bacterial diseases have occurred in cultured fishes. As the studying on the control activities of medicinal herbs to bacterial growth, the wormwood Artemisia asiatica, the rhois Rhus javanica and the veiled lady mushroom Dictyophora indusiata were revealed high antibacterial activities to the Gram-positive and negative bacteria. For the enhancement of nonspecific immune response in mariculture fish, medicinal herbs and other several materials were investigated as immunostimulants. Olive flounders Paralichthys olivaceus fed on the diet supplemented with 0.1% extract mixture of the wormwood and the barrenwort Epimedium koreanum showed higher relative percent survival (RPS), when they were challenged with bacterial pathogens. To prevent various infectious diseases, two vaccines were developed and commercially available including vaccines on Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae.

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The purpose of this study is to detect the effect of gallic acid (GA) on hydroxyapatie crystal growth and find the mechanism of the regulation. We evaluated the morphology of HAP crystals grown under various amounts of GA (0, 0.05, 1, and 4 gL⁻¹). Subsequently, the chemical composition, crystal size and the morphology were investigated via the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, attenuated total fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscopy. In all groups, the Ca/P ratio was closed to 1.67. In the absence of GA, crystals did not arrange, while in the presence of GA, crystals tended to form spherules. The size of the crystals decreased with the concentration of GA increased. These results indicated the role of GA on the growth and morphology of hydroxyapatite crystals, which might be the key mechanism for gallic acid regulating the mineralization.

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In this paper, the author examines how the changes in the military system during the Gondar period (1632-1769) influenced on the decline of the Solomonic dynasty. His conclusion is as follows: The regiments, which were under the control of the emperors, were stationed at strategic points in northern Ethiopia during the first half of the Gondar period. These regiments, however, ceased from performing during the latter half of this period. The emperors depended increasingly on nobles of the Amhara-Tigre people and of the Oromo people in military affairs. The political situation was temporarily stable during the reign of Iyasu II and Iyo'äs on the corporation between emperors and nobles. As emperors' power declined, nobles came to increase wä‘alyan, or retainers and strengthened their power. Then the power balance between the emperor and nobles tipped in favor of latter, a race for power triggered a severe civil war in the end of the Gondar period. Nobles destroyed the ruling system o f the Solomonic dynasty and made puppets o f the emperors.

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The uranium-adsorbing abilities of 60 species of commercially available crude drugs were investigated. The abilities to adsorb uranium from non-saline water differ with different species of crude drugs. High uranium-adsorbing abilities were observed in Corni fructus, Geranii herba and Chaenomelis fructus. With the aim of improving handling and adsorbing characteristics, several crude drugs were immobilized with formaldehyde. Most of immobilized crude drugs tested adsorbed large amounts of uranium from non-saline water. The selective adsorption of heavy metal ions (Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, and UO²₂⁺), differs extremely with different species of crude drugs. Most of the crude drugs adsorbed uranyl and copper ions far more readily than other metal ions. Thus, crude drugs of plant origin, such as Corni fmctus, Geranii herba, and Chaenomelis fructus, could be used for the recovery and removal of uranium from seawater, and waste and mine water containing uranium.

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Objective: To obtain potential skin whitening agents from traditional Chinese herbs, we tested changes of melanin content in melanocyte cell lines after treatment with extracts of 90 traditional Chinese herbs. Methods: Mouse melanocyte cell lines were used. Depigmentation activity of the herb extracts were first screened in Mel-Ab cells, and then re-evaluated in melan-a cells and co-culture of melan-a and SP-1 cells. Melanin content and cell viability were the two indications for evaluation. Tyrosinase activity and the expression of melanin synthesis related enzymes in cells treated with the herb extracts were also tested. Results: Nine herb extracts were proved to have depigmentation activity similar to or better than that of arbutin and low cytotoxicity to melanocytes. Two of them were more effective in co-cultured melan-a cells. Most of the effective herb extracts inhibited tyrosinase activity and the expression of tyrosinase. Some of them also inhibited tyrosinase related protein-1 and/or tyrosinase related protein-2 in cultured cells. Conclusions: We have found 9 herb extracts to be promising skin whitening agents. Among them, water extract of Chinensis and ethanol extract of Radix Clematidis exhibited higher depigmentation activity and caused lower tyrosinase activity in cell culture assays and are worthy to be further studied.

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The lateral diffusion coefficient in phosphatidylcholine membranes was determined using pyrene as a fluorescence probe, and the effect of α-, γ- and σ-tocopheryl acetates on the liposomes and the interaction between tocopheryl acetates and cholesterol in the liposomes were studied. α-, γ- and σ-Tocopheryl acetates reduced the diffusion of pyrene in the liposomes of dipalmitoyl, egg yolk and soybean phosphatidylcholines. α-Tocopheryl acetate was the most effective compound among the three tocopheryl acetates to reduce the diffusion coefficient of pyrene, and the degree to reduce the diffusion of pyrene by each tocopheryl acetate correlated well with its vitamin E activity. Tocopheryl acetates and cholesterol independently reduced the diffusion of pyrene in the membranes. The results suggest that tocopherols may physically stabilize biological membranes.

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Blastodacna属は全北区から約12種が知られているが,1977年に中国からSinitinea pyrigalla YANGの名で記載された1種と未同定の1種を除いて,極東地域からは記録されていなかった.著者の研究の結果,従来韓国からMetzneria sp.として知られていた種はS.pyrigalla YANG, 1977と同一種であり,本種はまた翅脈や交尾器の形態から,疑いなくBlastodacna属に移されることが明らかになった.したがって,本種をタイプとして設立されたSinitinea YANG, 1977はBlastodacna WOCKE, 1876のシノニムとなる.本論文においてはこのBlastodacna pyrigalla(YANG)(comb. nov.)を再記載し,生態を記述した。本種の幼虫はナシ,モモおよびカキの新枝に長さ10-15mm,直経12-18mmの虫〓を形成する.年1世代で,寄主の芽付近に産下された卵から孵化した幼虫は,新しく伸長した枝に穿孔して虫〓を作る.越冬は幼虫態,翌早春虫〓の中で蛹化して4月に成虫が羽化する.[*Momphidaeはカザリバガ科Cosmopterigidaeの1亜科または独立の科として扱われているが,日本からは所属する種類が記録されていないため和名はない.]

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Two new 2'-oxygenated flavones, 5,2',6'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (3) and skullcapflavone I 2'-O-β-D-(4''-E-cinnamyl) glucopyranoside (5), together with three known flavones, 7-O-methylwogonin (1), skullcapflavone I (2) and skullcapflavone I 2'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) were isolated from the whole plant of Andrographis elongata, and the structures were elucidated by FAB-MS and one- and two-dimensional (1D- and 2D)-NMR spectral studies including ¹H-¹H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity (HMBC) and rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) experiments, and chemical studies.

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Two new flavonoids, 5, 7, 2′, 5′-tetramethoxyflavanone (1) and 5-hydroxy-7, 2′-dimethoxyflavone (2), together with two known flavones, skullcapflavone I (3) and echioidin (4) were isolated from the whole plant of Andrographis rothii. The structures of the new compounds were established by extensive one- and two-dimensional (1D- and 2D-) NMR spectral studies.

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