山形県日向I洞窟から弥生時代に属する女性人骨が発掘された。脳頭蓋が残存するのみであったが,サイズが大きく長頭型を特徴てする成人女性人骨と推定された。脳頭蓋の計測値を基にした距離計算では日向の頭蓋骨は縄文よりも,土井ケ浜や現代日本人のそれに近いが,矢状頭頂後頭示数の値のように縄文的な特徴も認められた。

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The Sengen-yama hills, located at Yamakita town, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, represent the upthrown block along the E-W trending fault. The roughly 5-km long thrust fault is a segment of a long bell-shaped splay of faults (the Tanna, Hirayama, and Kozu-Matsuda faults) developed at the collision zone of Honshu island and Izu-Mariana arc. We found old fluvial gravel deposits and an overlying pumice fall deposit near the top of the hills. The pumice fall deposit is identified to be the Fuji-Yoshioka tephra (F-YP; 70-80 ka) on the basis of phenocryst assemblages, refractive index of the heavy minerals and facies association. Based on geology and tephra correlation, the onset of emplacement of the Sengen-yama hills is determined to be 70-80ka. According to previous studies, the initiation of the faults occurred about 100 ka. Close spatial correlation and close onset ages of these faults suggest that they were formed and developed in the same tectonic regime.

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奈良県旧宗檜村の土地台帳に記載されているすべての小字の中から日当たりの良悪を表す日向地名・日陰地名を収集し，その地の日照・日射特性を GIS により検証した．日陰地名は日向地名に比べ標高が低く，天空率が低く，可照時間が短い．日陰地名の傾斜方位は北・北西・北東，日向地名は南西・南に多い．冬至における日陰地名の日積算散乱日射量，直達日射量は日向地名のそれぞれ 81%，21% と顕著に少ない．しかしながら日陰地名を持つ地にも日向地名同様に住宅地・農作地があり，土地利用形態に明確な差は認められない．また住民は既に小字名をあまり用いず，日当たりに対する認識も必ずしも明確ではない．

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Variation of S-alleles and S-glycoproteins associated with self-incompatibility was studied in a naturalized population of Brassica campestris growing in Oguni-machi, Japan. Of 58 plants collected from the population, 45 were self-incompatible and 8 were self-compatible. Of 32 families investigated on their selfed progenies, 30 families showed segregation fitting to one locus S-allele model of sporophytic self-incompatibility. From cross-pollination experiments between 35 S-homozygotes so far isolated, 16 different S-alleles were identified, and the number of S-alleles involved in this population was estimated to be 20-30. S-glycoproteins corresponding to each S-allele were determined by immunoblotting with polyclonal antibody against S⁸-glycoprotein. Concanavalin A and Coomassie Blue stainings were also applied to determining corresponding S-glycoproteins, but were not so clear as the antibody cross reaction. It is pointed out that a stigma involves a number of proteins with different pI points, which are cross-reactive with anti-S-glycoprotein-antiserum. Many of these proteins are heritable in correlation with major S-glycoproteins. Since the content of these proteins was variable, we tentatively classified major and minor S-glycoproteins, and assumed that these S-glycoproteins were controlled by S-like DNA sequences with closely linked S-locus. Beside these S-glycoproteins, presence of heterozygote specific proteins was also pointed out, suggesting occurrence of post-transcriptional modification of these proteins. The pI values of major S-glycoproteins ranged from 5.0-9.0 and those at 7.0-9.0 were frequent.

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気候地名とは、日照・風・降水などの気候要素に関連した文字のついた地名のことをいい、代表的なものに「日向」「日影」などがある。気候地名に関する研究は、これまでの成果が吉野(1997、2001)に詳細にまとめられ、非常に関心の高まっている課題である。特に日射に関する地名は数多く、福岡(1988)による広島県内の「陰地」「日南」の地形条件を統計的に明らかにした研究は、非常に興味深い。本研究では、吉野(2001)でも明らかにされているように、「日向」「日影」地名が日本で最多で、起伏に富んでいる長野県に注目し、その立地傾向をGISを用いて調査した。　地名データには、「数値地図25000（地名・公共施設）」を用いて、「日向」「日影」を含む地名を抽出した。地形のデータとしては、「50mメッシュ標高」を用いた。25000分の1地形図で確認した結果、長野県において「日向」「日影」などの地名が表す地域は、地名の中心から半径100m程度の円形の範囲が妥当であったため、その範囲で標高の値を平均した。さらに周囲の値から傾斜方位・傾斜角度をもとめ、日射の代替値として、南から45度の角度で日が当たった場合にできる地形起伏による陰影も算出した。 抽出した地名は、「日向」52例、「日影」30例である。傾斜方位に関しては、「日向」は南向きが中心だが、「日影」は北向きが少なく、北東向きと北西向きと、地域によって違っていた。傾斜角度は、「日向」のほうが「日影」よりやや大きくなっていた。地形起伏による陰影は「日向」が明るくなっている。県全域でのこれらの地名の分布は、大きく3つの地域に分かれて布しており、これは起伏や流域の地形的な特徴によるものと考えられる。聖山を中心とした北西部は標高1000m前後で、「日向」の数が「日影」を上回る。「日影」は北西向きが多かった。南部は天竜川沿いに両地名が多く、伊那・赤石の山地の中に特に「日影」が多く存在する。この「日影」は北東向きか西向きとなっていた。東部は千曲川近くの起伏に富んだ地域で、日向が圧倒的に多く、川の走向に沿って南西向きの斜面を形成している。特に「日影」の立地にみられた、傾斜の緩いところか北西・北東向きという傾向は、南北に山や谷が発達している起伏の多い地域であるがゆえの特徴といえる。

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Many higher plants have developed systems to prevent self-fertilization. The self-incompatibility (SI) system has been well known since the time of Darwin. In Brassica, SI is controlled by a single polymorphic locus called S. Discrimination of self and non-self pollen by the pistil should occur on the surface of the stigma. We have investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the SI system and have determined the S-gene products in pistil and pollen. The S-determinant of pollen (SP11) is a small cysteine-rich protein and is the ligand of a receptor complex in papilla cells, which is composed of S-receptor kinase (SRK) and S-locus glycoprotein (SLG). Ligand binding induces the autophosphorylation of SRK, which triggers the signaling cascade that results in the rejection of self-pollen. The ligand-receptor interaction occurs in an S-haplotype specific manner. This is the fundamental reaction of self-recognition system underlying SI in Brassica.

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Many angiosperm plants express self-incompatibility (SI), through which they can recognize self-pollen and restrict fertilization to non-self-pollen. In species of Brassica, SI is sporophytically expressed, regulated by a single locus, S, with multiple alleles. Two stigma-specific genes, SLG and SRK, both of which locate at the S locus, are believed to play a role in the recognition reaction on the stigma side. Reviewed here are findings about SLG and SRK genes, the molecular characterization of S-multigene family, the genomic structure of S locus, and some aspects on signal transfer by the proteins encoded by these genes.

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Self-incompatibility (SI) in Brassicaceae is sporophytically controlled by haplotypes of the polymorphic S locus complex. Two tightly linked polymorphic genes at the S locus, S-locus glycoprotein (SLG) and S-receptor kinase (SRK) genes, are specifically expressed in the stigma. S-haplotypes have been classified into class I and class II types based on the sequence similarity of their SLGs, and their SRKs. To investigate the effect of an antisense SLG gene on the class divergency of the endogenous SLG and SRK genes, we introduced an antisense class I SLG⁴³ cDNA into a cultivar Osome in Brassica rapa which was heterozygous for class I S⁵² haplotype and class II S⁶⁰. SLG⁴³ is more similar to the endogenous SLG⁵² (87.8% identity) than to SLG⁶⁰ (74.8% identity), Out of ten primary transformants analyzed, two were completely self-compatible; the SI phenotype of stigma was altered from S⁵²S⁶⁰ to S⁶⁰, but that of pollen was not. In these two plants, the expression levels of mRNA and protein of SLG⁵² were reduced, whereas those of SLG⁶⁰ were not. We suggest that an antisense class I SLG-transgene causes homology-dependent suppression, which leads to breakdown of the class I S-haplotype specificity in stigma but not the class II S-haplotype.

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Many hermaphrodite plant species have evolved mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization. One such mechanism is self-incompatibility (SI), which is defined as the inability of a fertile hermaphrodite plant to produce zygotes after self-pollination. SI prevents self-fertilization by rejecting pollen from plants with the same genotype. The SI system in Brassica is controlled sporophytically by multiple alleles at a single locus, designated as S, and involves cell-cell communication between male and female. When the S phenotype of the pollen is the same as that of the stigma, pollen germination and/or pollen tube penetration are disturbed on the papilla cells. On the female side, two genes (SLG and SRK) located at the S locus, are involved in the SI reaction. SLG is a secreted glycoprotein expressed abundantly in the papilla cell, and SRK is a membrane-spanning receptor-like serine/threonine kinase whose extracellular domain is highly similar to SLG. Gain-of-function experiments have demonstrated that SRK solely determines S haplotype-specificity of the stigma, while SLG enhances the recognition reaction of SI. The sequence analysis of the S locus genomic region of Brassica campestris (syn. rapa) has led to the identification of an anther-specific gene, designated as SP11, which encodes a small cysteine-rich basic protein. Pollination bioassay and gain-of-function experiments have indicated that SP11 is the male S determinant. When the sequence of SP11 was aligned, six cysteine residues were found to be completely conserved among alleles. These conserved cysteine residues could be important for the tertiary structure of SP11. Recent biochemical analysis has suggested that SP11 operates as a sole ligand to activate its cognate SRK specifically. Because the activity of the S allele is controlled sporophytically, dominance relationships influence the ultimate phenotype of both the stigma and pollen. Molecular analysis has demonstrated that the dominance relationships between S alleles in the stigma were determined by SRK itself, but not by the relative expression level. In contrast, in the pollen, the expression of SP11 from the recessive S allele was specifically suppressed in the S heterozygote, suggesting that the dominance relationships in pollen were determined by the expression level of SP11.

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Ecdysterone was isolated from the root of Formosan Achyranthes obtusifolia LAM. (Japanese name "Shimainokozuchi"), with two crystalline components of m.p. 248°(decomp.) and of m.p. 230°(decomp.). This contrasts with the fact that ecdysterone and inokosterone were isolatd in approximately an equal amount from the root of Japanese A. fauriei LEV. ET VAN. (Japanese name "-inokozuchi").

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In this paper, a fiber with two inhomogeneous sector holes around the core is proposed, and propagation characteristics of polarization maintaining region and single-polarization region are numerically analyzed by circular Fourier expansion method. In each case of the single-polarization region and the polarization maintaining region, a fiber is designed so as to satisfy the zero total dispersion at wavelength of 1.55μm. Then, the single-polarization bandwidth for the single-polarization region and the modal birefringence for the polarization maintaining region are examined as the specific characteristics in each region. In addition, the power concentrating into the core region and distributions of Poynting vector is also discussed.

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イネの幼穂を液体培地中で振盪培養し，葯起源のカルスを得ようとした(Fig.1).カルスは葯から形成され，はじめ穎花内で増殖し，後に穎花を押し開いて培地中に浮遊し，懸濁培養細胞となった(Fig.2，3).この懸濁 培養細胞をカルスの大きさによって分画した後，再分化培地に移植したところ，小さいカルスから多くの緑点と2個体の緑色幼植物が得られた(Tab1e 1，Fig.4).従来の葯培養では，個々の葯を取り出して培養していたが，本実験の方法(穂培養)によれば，これらの煩わしい操作を省略できるだろう.さらに，窒素源としてアミノ酸を含む培地を用いた懸濁培養においては，細かい細胞集塊が得られ，これらからプロトプラストが容易に単離できた.

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We have identified three strains of the same S ²⁴-haplotype in self-incompatible B. campestris L. Two of them, S-12j and 1-1j, have been derived from Japanese populations and one, 27-1t, from Turkish one. The cDNA clones of SLG²⁴ (S²⁴-locus glycoprotein), which linked to the S-locus, were isolated from each strain, and sequenced. Each clone isolated from S-12j, 1-1j and 27-1t, was designated as SLG²⁴ (S-12j), SLG²⁴ (1-1j) and SLG²⁴ (27-1t), respectively. Their nucleotide sequences were completely identical in coding region, 5' non-coding region, and 3' non-coding region, though the position of the polyadenylation site was slightly different among the cDNA clones. This result suggests that the origin of S ²⁴-haplotype in these three strains might be common, and that the nucleotide sequences of SLG²⁴ of the same S²⁴-haplotype are completely conserved among different populations. The high conservation of the SLG ²⁴ nucleotide sequences is probably essential for the recognition of self or non-self of self-incompatibility in this S ²⁴-haplotype.

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  To gain some insights into the structure of the S-locus and the mechanisms that have kept its diversity, a 75-kb genomic fragment containing the self-incompatibility (S) locus region was isolated from the S₁₂-haplotype of Brassica rapa and compared with those of other S-haplotypes. The region around the S determinant genes was highly polymorphic and filled with S-haplotype-specific intergenic sequences. The diverse genomic structure must contribute to the suppression of recombination at the S-locus.

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The protein band patterns of stigma extracts were differentiated in seven different S-homozygotes of self-incompatible Brassica campestris L. by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. The protein bands which differentiated S-alleles were heritable and appeared in stigmas but neither in styles nor in ovaries. The bands were thought to be glycoproteins in nature since they were PAS positive and precipitated with Con A. Such glycoproteins are postulated to be S-specific proteins.
One or two glycoprotein bands were found in monogenomic self-compatible species (B. campestris var. yellow sarson and B. tournefortii). They were common in every strain within a species so far but different between two species. Digenomic self-compatible B. napus had several thin glycoprotein bands.

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The five floral characters, i.e., number of pollen grains per flower, pollen grain diameter, anther length, number of ovules per flower and pollen-ovule ratio (P/O), were studied on 119 strains of 53 species in Brassica and allied genera with respect to the breeding system. There were large variations in all five characters among species, especially the number of pollen grains, number of ovules per flower and P/Os showed larger variations. The values range widely from 23–24 × 10⁴ of Eruca spp. to 0.3 × 10⁴ of Diplotaxis viminea and from 19800 of Hutera rupestris to 100 of D. viminea in the number of pollen grains and P/Os, respectively. The P/O was significantly correlated to the energy cost per flower. Both indices were closely related with the breeding system of species. The lowest P/Os and the smallest energy costs were found in the obligate autogamous species, while the xenogamous species showed higher and larger, but more fluctuating P/Os and energy costs. In the facultative autogamous amphidiploid species in Brassica crops, both P/Os and energy costs per flower were similar to those of xenogamous species; however, P/Os were lower than their xenogamous parental species. The relationships of P/Os with natural selection are also discussed.

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勝尾・水島(1958)は，中国野生稲の1系統(W1)を細胞質とする細胞質雄性不稔個体を得た。しかし，こ の細胞質に対する回復系統は育成されていない、本実験では，葯培養を用いて，野生稲(W1)自身の持つ回復 遺伝子を栽培稲に導入して回復系統を育成することを試みた.はじめに，W1/染分の正逆F₁の葯培養を行なったところ，カルス形成率と再分化率について細胞質による差異は見られなかった(Table1)・W1(♀)/染分F₁ の葯培養から緑色2倍体が2個体得られた.それらはいずれもF₁よりも高い花粉染色率を示した。そして，一方(622-1)は種子稔性があったが，他方(622-4)は種子不稔であった(Fig1)・622-1の自殖系統(A2)も 高い種子稔性を示した.次に，W₁を細胞質とする雄性不稔のレイメイを母本として，A₂を検定交配したとこ ろ，そのF₁は正常の種子稔性を示し，A₂が回復遺伝子を持っていることが確認された.しかし，そのF₂では花粉染色率は高いが，種子稔性は高い個体と低い個体が存在した(Fig.2).一方，通常交雑で得たW1(♀)/ 染分のF₂とB₁F₁は稔性が幅広く分離し(Fig.3)，通常交雑では回復遺伝子の選抜は容易でないと思われた. 以上より，雑種不稔が存在する遠縁種から栽培種に回復遺伝子を導入する際に蒲培養が有効に利用できること が示唆された.

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A glycoprotein which is found specifically in the stigma of S₇ homozygous plants in self-incompatible Brassica campestris was well purified using ConA Sepharose chromatography and density gradient isoelectric focusing. Its isoelectric point, molecular weight, carbohydrate content and amino acid composition were described.

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In this paper, the scattering problems by columnar dielectric gratings will elliptically layered media are analyzed using the combination of improved Fourier series expansion method and the multilayer method. Numerical results are given for the transmitted scattered characteristics for the case of incident angle and frequency by varying the grating shape whose profile is the elliptic cylinders, and whose interior distribution of permittivity is an elliptically layered medium for both TM and TE waves. The influences of the incident angle and frequency of the transmitted power are compared between inhomogeneous case and homogeneous case

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