Why was the cult of (一向宗) regarded by the ruling classes of the Sengoku period as a dangerous one related to rebellions? The purpose of this note is to throw some light upon this problem, which, despite the enormous accumulation of research on the cult, has not yet been sufficiently thought out. As the material for the study, the outbreak of -ikki in Kaga Province (加賀国) in 1474 was chosen. To begin with, one can point out the following two features about this uprising: 1)it was a religious insurrection led by the Honganji-monto (本願寺門徒), the followers of the temple Honganji, in the province of Kaga, and was carried out under the slogan to overthrow the enemies of Buddhism; 2)it produced Honganji-monto organizations, called gun (郡), that dominated counties throughout the province. These are the facts which convinced the author of necessity to consider the religious sentiments of the Honganji-monto of Kaga. Former studies have stated that the cult was merely another name and therefore identical to jodoshinshu (浄土真宗), or the pure land sect, of which Honganji was the head temple. These studies also state that cult adherents, with the exception of some so-called "heretics," were jodoshinshu, believers. However, from the fact that the thought and behavior of these very "heretics" were not only in accord with the outlook of the cult current at the time but also identical to the thought and behavior of the rebels in Kaga, the author concludes that the cult must be thought of as being different from the jodoshinshu sect, and that the Honganji-monto of Kaga professed themselves to be believers not in the latter sect, but in the former, which was truly a rebellious cult. So far as can be judged from available sources, cult missionaries included lower class priests, pilgrim ascetics (山伏) and sorcerers (陰陽師), all of whom, despite their "heretical" acts, were considered by Rennyo (蓮如), the chief priest of Honganji, to be ideological disciples of Shinran (親鸞), who formulated the pure land thought.

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The process of manipulative skills acquisition are accompanied by much waste of time and energy. Therefore, the development of a support system is desired. This research aims at supporting the acquisition of manipulative skills by mitigating the burden of a trainee with reducible assistance. We deal with a problem of maneuvering a rotary crane and try to construct a skill acquisition support system which has the functions of estimating the trainee’s manipulative skills level by use of a neural network and reducing the assistance according to the level.

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This article introduces a survey of printing techniques employed for posters in the Tanaka Archives conducted by the DNP Foundation for Cultural Promotion over a period of two years starting in 2013, to serve as a basic study for future research. Tanaka (1930-2002), one of Japan's most renowned graphic designers, created more than 2,700 posters in his lifetime. The second half of the twentieth century, when he produced a huge number of posters, was a period when the poster culture in Japan, which started at the end of the nineteenth century, reached full maturity. However, hitherto, research on Japanese postwar posters has not been conducted on a scale similar to that of the present survey. In this survey, we examined the printing techniques, printing company, and paper adopted by Tanaka for each of his posters. The poster occupies a unique position in the realm of graphic design because it fits between design and fine art or craft, if defined as a functional art for use in public relations. We believe that a comprehensive study of this unique printing art is significant for future research and for its understanding.

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The leaves of strawberry seedlings were sprayed with a conidial suspension of Podosphaera aphanis var. aphanis within one week of their complete unfolding. In all four strawberry cultivars tested, lesions first developed on the 5th day post-inoculation, and new lesions, which were originated from inoculated conidia, appeared continuously until the 9th day post-inoculation, possibly for a few more days. The number of lesions that appeared on the 5th day was <5% of the total lesions developed during the 13-day post-inoculation period in the three cultivars, “Mo-

,” “Nyoho,” and “Saga-honoka.” In the cultivar “Sanuki-hime,” 14.6% of the total lesions appeared on the 5th day post-inoculation, while the number of lesions that developed each day between the 9th and 13th days was <11% of the total. Thus, depending on the cultivar, more lesions developed over two to three days between the 5th and 8th days post-inoculation. Considerably greater levels of infection occurred at a relative humidity of 100% than at 50% (p < 0.05). Twenty-four or forty-eight hours of leaf wetness post-inoculation with a conidial suspension neither significantly reduced nor increased the infection levels in the seedlings of “Mo-” and “Nyoho” cultivars (p < 0.05).

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This paper presents the development of autonomous mobile robot called “Orange 2010” that is designed for participating both Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition 2010 and Tsukuba Challenge 2010. In order to adopt both competition and challenge rules, we newly build mobile robot based on electric wheelchair. The combination of omnidirectional camera and laser range scanner enables superior environment recognition especially at outdoor environment. Three different path planning algorithms are developed by using MATLAB language for each competition at IGVC2010 and Tsukuba Challenge 2010. Validity of a control software program developed for each challenge is examined by actual competitions.

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症例は 72 歳の男性．慢性腎不全で透析を受けていた．胸部違和感と労作時の呼吸苦を主訴に胸部 X 線写真を行い，右肺の虚脱を認めため，直ちに胸腔ドレナージを行った．ドレナージ直後より肺の膨張は良好で気漏も認めなかったが，3 日後より著明な皮下気腫が出現した．ドレナージチューブからの空気の流出を認めなかったため，ドレーンの閉塞を考えドレナージを入れ替えたが気漏は認めなかった．胸部 CT 上，皮下気腫，縦隔気腫を認め，ドレーンからの気漏は認めないことから，自然気胸に続発した特発性縦隔気腫と診断した．肺の気腫化や透析患者などの肺の脆弱化した症例では，特発性縦隔気腫を併発することも考慮して治療にあたる必要がある．

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アスパラガスの葯由来カルスから再分化したシュートには倍数体や異数体が含まれていることが予想されるが，発根率が極めて低く，染色体観察による倍数性の判定は困難である．そこで，育種材料として重要な倍数体を培養中に判別するために，シュートを材料としたフローサイトメトリー分析（FCM）を行った．供試した 110 個の葯由来シュートのうち，83 個体が二倍体，21 個体が四倍体，3 個体が八倍体，3 個体が 4x と 8x の混数体であった．また，長径 1～1.5 mm の花蕾からの処理区において最も多くの倍数体と混数体が得られたことから，四分子に分かれる前の花粉母細胞の分裂核が融合した可能性も考えられた．FCM によって同定した倍数体のシュート（葉状茎および茎）の気孔長を走査型電子顕微鏡（SEM）により調査した．その結果，成熟度別に分類した場合に，倍数性による明確な差が示された．茎と葉状茎の気孔長は，倍数性が高まるにつれて有意に長くなった（P < 0.001）．また，葉状茎よりも茎が，未成熟よりも成熟個体の方が，有意に長い気孔を有していた．未成熟組織の気孔を SEM により観察した結果，孔辺細胞が表皮細胞より低く沈み，未発達であると考えられた．また，圃場栽培植物よりも培養シュートが，雌株よりも雄株の方が長い気孔を有することが明らかになった（P < 0.001）．これらの結果から，アスパラガスの気孔の長さは，雌雄，生育環境および発達段階などによって影響を受けることが明らかになり，それらの要因をできる限り取り除けば，気孔長は倍数性を特定する信頼の高い指標となることが示唆された．

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This is the first case of an angiosarcoma patient with brain abscess, and it might be responsible for skin defect and cranial bone necrosis by surgical excision and radiation. Our patient was treated with 10 courses of triweekly paclitaxel therapy, radical radiotherapy (70 Gy), and surgical excision (2 cm margin apart from a lesion) for angiosarcoma. At two years after the operation he was diagnosed as brain abscess. Brain abscess was managed with antibiotic drugs and drainage, his clinical symptoms improved by these treatments. He achieves replace free survival without the exacerbation of angiosarcoma and brain abscess for three years.

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Tanaka (1930-2002) was a distinguished Japanese graphic designer in postwar Japan. Representations of his design works are diverse. However, the theme of “Japanese tradition” or “Japaneseness” is present consistently in Tanaka’s unique expression in his works. This paper examines the representation of “Japaneseness” of Tanaka’s works in the context of postwar graphic design circles. Tanaka’s design for the “Exhibition of Japanese Textiles at Takashimaya in New York (1959),” which utilized only “kanji (Chinese characters) typography,” has been evaluated by a Western sense of modern design as a work that expressed Japanese traditional culture. Without relying on Japanese motifs such as Mt.Fuji, Japanese cherry, or “geisha”, this is an epoch-making work that expresses “Japaneseness” only through kanji; it is one of the masterpieces in Japanese graphic design history. In this work, Tanaka created “the originality of Japanese Design” by a method of constructing into the design while taking advantage of the function of kanji ideograms. In order to shed the imitation of Western design, Tanaka represented “Japaneseness” by adopting the “zure (gap)” and “kasure (scratchiness)”, which departed from modern design theory, and by devising a new color scheme.

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Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare neoplasm derived from fibroblasts. Although the frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) in skin cancer is reported to be less than 5%, there is only one report of the status of MMR in DFSP. The only analytical report of microsatellite stability in which Promega panel is not used, showed that the frequency of MSI-high, MSI-low and microsatellite stable (MSS) cases was 13.9% (5/36), 16.7% (6/36) and 69.4% (25/36), respectively. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the status of MMR in 36 patients with DFSP diagnosed at Kumamoto University. MSI analysis using the Promega panel showed that all cases were MSS, which indicated the absence of MSI in DFSP. This result indicates that the status of MMR may not be useful for the potential therapeutic application of pembrolizumab and the pathogenesis of DFSP may not involve MSI.

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Crizotinib is an oral small-molecule anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine-kinase inhibitor for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A 63-year old woman with postoperative relapsed ALK-positive NSCLC was treated with crizotinib. Erythema multiforme (EM) occurred one week after initiation of crizotinib therapy. Skin biopsy specimen showed compatible drug eruption. The discontinuation of crizotinib improved her eruption within one week. This report presented the first case of crizotinib-associated EM, which is the preclinical stage of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Although crizotinib is clinically available, we should be aware of its potential severe skin adverse event.

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Myocardial injury with systemic sclerosis (SSc) causes pericarditis and arrhythmia, and polymyositis-induced muscle inflammation causes myocarditis. We report a rare case of overlap syndrome (SSc and polymyositis) who presented with sudden chest pain secondary to myocardial fibrosis. Although the etiology of chest symptoms in collagen disease was difficult to identify, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed not myocarditis but myocardial fibrosis in our case. Synthetic judgement of serum brain natriuretic peptide/ troponin T levels and cardiac MRI is useful in the search for the cause of chest symptoms even in patients with collagen diseases.

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Lupus myelitis is a rare but serious condition characterized by myelopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Its presentation is usually acute or subacute, and it is often refractory to treatment. We reported a rare presentation of lupus myelitis in a 38-year-old Japanese woman with a 20-year history of SLE. She developed paraparesis and bladder/bowel dysfunction 6 months prior to presentation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed atrophy of the entire thoracic spinal cord with high intensity on T1-weighted sequence. She was initially treated with intravenous pulse steroid therapy, and prednisolone (20 mg/day) was continued; mizoribine was changed to azathioprine (100 mg/day). In addition, she underwent a rehabilitation program to improve lower-extremity muscle weakness. Moreover, because of the refractory clinical condition, intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy was added. Within 1 month, she could walk with a cane and had a desire to urinate and defecate. In conclusion, early and aggressive treatment improves the permanent damage of lupus myelitis.

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Oncogenic PIK3CA mutation activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme, and PI3K-AKT signaling activation induces several growth-regulatory transcription factors. PIK3CA mutations have attracted attention as biomarker in clinical trials of various inhibitors including PI3K inhibitors. About 80% of PIK3CA mutations in human cancers are observed in 'hot spot' regions: exon 9 (E542K and E545K) and exon 20 (H1047R). There were few reports about clinical significance of PIK3CA mutations in cutaneous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Thus, we investigate the prevalence of three PIK3CA hot spot mutations in 143 cases with cSCC and evaluate the correlation between the presence of these mutations and clinical characteristics by using ddPCR. The frequency of each E542K, E545K and H1047R PIK3CA mutations was 1.4% (2/143), 2.8% (4/143), and 0.7% (1/143) respectively. No significant correlation was found between PIK3CA mutations and clinical characteristics. Although additional basic researches and clinical trials are necessary, various inhibitors may be effective therapeutics for PIK3CA mutation-positive cSCC. Our study revealed the prevalence of PIK3CA mutations in cSCC.

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