According to Dharmakīrti, the particular (svalakṣaṇa) should be regarded as a real object of the valid means of cognition (pramāṇa) because it is the only thing that can cause an actual effect. Dharmakīrti claims that although inference (anumāna), which grasps svalakṣaṇa in another form, is erroneous, it can be considered valid for the reason that a cognizer, moving to something on the basis of inference, can obtain the effect that he expects. Inference as well as perception (pratyakṣa) is admitted as pramāṇa becasue it is non-deceptive (avisaṃvādin). Dharmakīrti illustrates his point by the

example: even if a cognizer mistakes the light from a for an actual , he can finally obtain a real . What does this example mean? Is the cognition of a valid? If so, should it be regarded as a form of perception or of inference?

Indian commentators present differing interpretations of this example. From the context, Śākyabuddhi understands that the cognition of a

with regard to its light is a form of inference, i.e., inferring a cause from the observed effect. Śākyabuddhi thinks the cognition is erroneous, but valid. However, Dharmottara is severely critical of Śākyabuddhi’s view, and regards this as invalid cognition. Dharmottara suggests that even if the cognizer can finally obtain a real in a room, it differs from the that he falsely cognized as being at the keyhole of the door. Dharmottara does not acknowledge this cognition as inference. After Dharmottara, Prajñākaragupta insists that the cognition of a should be regarded as perception. According to Prajñākaragupta, not only inference but also perceptions such as visual sensation must be erroneous, because neither can ever grasp their real objects that will be obtained in the future. In the conventional world, they are deemed valid simply because they are considered to be non-deceptive. Prajñākaragupta interprets that Dharmakīrti illustrates such conventional validity of pramāṇas by using the example. Prajñākaragupta does not reject Śākyabuddhi’s view, but criticizes that of Dharmottara.

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Karyological studies were made on three species of Portulaca : P. grandiflora, P. “” and P. pilosa. From the obserbation, the evolution of karyotype, the relation between basic numbers and life forms, and the possibility of interspecific hybridization between P. grandiflora and P. “” were discussed.

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サツマイモの形質転換系を確立することを目的として, 高系14号の再分化系統 (KT) および栽培品種 の葉片や茎断片からの植物体再生に最も適する培地について検討した. 調査した11種類の培地のうち, 2種類の培地 (R6, R7) では植物体再生率が最も高く, 有効な培地であることが判明した. これら2種類の培地は植物ホルモンとして0.1-0.2mg/lのNAAのみが添加されており, IAAやカイネチンを含む他の培地では再生率が低いか植物体再生が全く認められなかった. またNAAの最適濃度について検討した結果, 葉片では0.1-0.3mg/l, 茎断片では0.2-0.6mg/lであった. さらにゼアチンやBAPを添加した場合には, 0.01mg/lの低濃度でも植物体再生率を低下させることが明らかとなった. 本研究で得られた大部分の苗条 (shoot) は, 外植体の切断部分から分化しており, アグロバクテリウムによる形質転換体作成に適した植物体再生系であると考えられる.

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An efficient and simple in vitro regeneration protocol has been successfully developed from three inbred lines of Portulaca sp. cv. ‘’ that contain a lot of betalain. The present report describes the effect of thidiazuron [N-phenyl-N'(-1, 2, 3-thidiazol-5-yl) urea] (TDZ) on in vitro shoot regeneration from intact hypocotyl explant of seedlings. The optimum level of TDZ supplementation to the culture medium was 5μM for a 3 week-induction period followed by subculture of hypocotyl-derived callus on MS basal medium (MSO). Hypocotyls excised from 7 day-old seedling gave significantly higher number of regenerated shoots than those from 14 or 21 day-old seedling. The efficacy of thidiazuron was compared with N⁶-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and N⁶-furfurylaminopurine (KIN) (purine based cytokinins) on in vitro organogenesis. TDZ was found to be more effective than BAP and KIN as an inductive signal of regeneration. TDZ-supplemented medium with indole-3-acetic acid was not effective for the regenerative response. Transfer of the TDZ-stimulated shoots to growth regulator free MSO medium containing 3% sucrose resulted in the rapid and prolific growth of plantlets. In vitro shoots were rooted after culture on half-strength MS medium without growth regulator or in the presence of 2.5 or 5.0μM NAA and successfully acclimatized in greenhouse condition. The procedure developed in this study may be useful toward improvement and development of betalain through genetic manipulation.

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Sixteen colored cell lines of Portulaca sp. ‘’ forming betalain were established, seven cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (mMS) medium and nine on modified Girod and Zrÿd (mJ1). Each line was different in term of betalain content. Both betacyanin and betaxanthin widely varied in quality and quantity from line to line. A magenta-colored phenotype contained the maximum betacyanin and an orange-colored phenotype contained the maximum betaxanthin. Modified MS medium was optimal for betacyanin synthesis whereas modified J1 medium synthesized more betaxanthin. Betacyanin and betaxanthin both accumulated in a positive correlation to the cell growth in our culture system, and the highest contents were recorded during the logarithmic phase. The addition of natural auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), to both types of culture media instead of synthetic auxin, 2, 4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) inhibited the growth and reduced betalain synthesis. But a few subcultures after transfer to IAA-containing medium, two cell lines were established one producing betacyanin and one betaxanthin. Different cell phenotypes (either magenta or yellow colored cells) exhibit same responses in their requirement of light. Cellular betacyanin and betaxanthin drastically increased under continuous illumination, particularly with blue light irradiation along with the increasing number of growth cycles.

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The leakage of electrical current to the body surface during defibrillation shock delivery by an implantable cardioverter - defibrillator (ICD) device (the Medtronic Plus PCD system) was evaluated in 5 dogs. The defibrillation shocks were delivered between the active-can implanted in the left subclavicular region and the endocardial lead placed in the right ventricle at the energy levels of 1, 2, 8, 12, 24 and 34 J. During each delivery, the electrical current leakage from the body surface was measured by electrodes connected to a circuit at 4 recording positions: (A) parallel-subcutaneous (the electrodes were fixed in the subcutaneous tissue of the left shoulder and the right lower chest, and the direction of the electrode vector was parallel to the direction of the defibrillation energy flow); (B) cross-subcutaneous (the electrodes were fixed in the subcutaneous tissue of the right shoulder and the left lower chest, and the vector of the electrodes was roughly perpendicular to the direction of the energy flow); (C) parallel-surface (the electrodes were fixed with ECG paste on the shaved skin surface at the left shoulder and the right lower chest); and (D) surface grounded (the electrodes were fixed on the shaved skin surface at the left shoulder and the left foot, which was grounded). The circuit resistance was set at a variable level (100-5,000 Ω) in accordance with the resistance measured through each canine body. Leakage energies were measured in 750 defibrillation shocks with each circuit resistance in 5 dogs. The leakage energy increased in accordance with the increase of the delivered energy and the decrease of the circuit resistance in all 4 recording positions. When the circuit resistance was set at 1,000 Ω, the leakage energy during shock delivery at 34 J was 32±17 mJ at position A, 5±9 mJ at B, 10±9 mJ at C, and 4±3 mJ at D (p=0.042). The peak current was highest at position A and was 87±22 mA with a circuit resistance of 1,000 Ω. The power of the leakage energy depended on the delivered energy and the impedance between the electrodes. The angle between the alignment of the recording electrodes and the direction of the energy flow was another important factor in determining the leakage energy. Although the peak current of the leakage energy reached the level of macro shock, the highest leakage energy from the body surface was considerably less because of the short duration of the shock delivery. (Jpn Circ J 2001; 65: 219 - 225)

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The development of the synthetic industry by Verneuil-method in France, Switzerland, Germany and also in Japan and in America is reviewed chronologically, from pre-Verneuil stage. Especially many improvements in Verneuil-method achived in Germany during the period of 1900-1935 are surveyed in some details. In Japan, the present author initiated researchs on Verneuil-method in 1935, at the Research Laboratory of Tokyo Electric Co. (present Tokyo-Shibaura Electric Co.) and successfully established the boule-manufacturing factory in 1940. Several factories have been established since then, some were abandoned. A brief survey on Japanes industries is made. The -manufacturing factory in America was established in 1940 and it is reported that the factories using Verneuil-method have almost stopped their operation. The Verneuil-plants in other countries are still active and continue their activities.

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  Giant magnetostrictive Fe-Pd and Fe-Ga alloys are promising as actuator/sensor materials with high respective velocity and stress created by magnetostriction. To apply them to a micro valve, we developed magnetostrictive actuators, that is, Fe₈₀Ga₂₀/Ni and Fe_70.4Pd_29.6/Ni bimorph layers. These cantilever-type actuators can be bent by applying magnetic field parallel to length. An actuator point displaced about 270 μm under a low magnetic field of 37 kAm^-1. Large (20 mm×18 mm×0.2 mm) and small (17.5 mm×5 mm×0.2 mm), (10 mm×3 mm×0.2 mm) actuators were applied to a micro-gas valves. The opening and closing action of a valve consisting of magnetostrictive bimorph layers can be controlled remotely by magnetic fields. Gas flow rate can be driven from 43 to 0 ml min^-1 by increasing the magnetic field to 20 kAm^-1. The response time to the applied magnetic field is below 0.12 s. Moreover, the magnetostrictive actuator is excellent in durability.

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Nano-dots array whose diameter and interval were approximately 200 nm and 750 nm, respectively, were made parallel to the atomic step edges on sapphire wafers by focused ion beam (FIB) system. Upon annealing a bunched multi-steps structure formed at regularintervals and straight because the steps were pinned at the nano-dots. The step heights andterrace widths were approximately 2.0 nm, 700 nm in off-angle 0.15° and 10.0 nm, 350 nm in off-angle 1.0°, respectively.

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Iridescence i s an optical phenomenon of surfaces in which hue changes in proportion to the angles of observation and illumination I ridescent colors can be ob served o n many biological objects including morpho butterflies and J apanese je w- el beetle s . While ordinary color s are induced by pigments in surface , the iridescent color s are caused by interference of light due to micro structure covering the objects To render iridescences in computer graphics , users need to consider a lot of physical parameters such as index of re f raction or film layer thickness . However, in such input systems, users are diff i- cult to predict re n dering results since iridescence is affected by combination of those many physical factors. In this paper, we propose a color palette based interface for bi ological iridescences rendering with which u sers can pass information for rendering iridescences to system by picking color s instead of by inputting physical data of surface . I ncident angle depen d- ency of r eflect ance spectrum is studied in details to achie ve physically sound simulation and color picking user interface . W e also evaluated our sy s tem through rendering results( of morpho butterflies and Japanese beetles and user study in the latter half of this article.

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We have isolated pigmented callus lines in Portulaca sp. ‘’ that express distinctly different qualities of color. In this process, yellow and orange lines could be separated from an established magenta callus and stably maintained. A red line was isolated from an orange line. The color of pigmented Portulaca lines is produced through various combinations of betacyanins and betaxanthins. In our pigmented cultures, the main component of betacyanins was betanin while betaxanthins were primarily represented by vulgaxanthin I. The betacyanin content in yellow and orange callus lines was fifty and eight times lower, respectively, than in magenta callus. Suppression of betanin synthesis and the simultaneous increase of vulgaxanthin I accumulation was observed in all yellow and orange callus lines. The variously colored callus lines could be stably maintained on J1 solidified medium supplemented with 4.5μM 2, 4-D and 30gl^-1 sucrose. At low concentrations of 2, 4-D, suppression of betacyanin synthesis in yellow and orange callus could be partially reversed. In orange callus, betacyanin accumulation was also alleviated by treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5AzaC). Our Portulaca callus cultures of various pigmentation, combined with the possibility of controlling the colorization, should be useful for studying the gene regulation of the branching process of violet betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins in the betalain biosynthesis pathway.

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本研究はPortulaca属植物における花色多彩化育種の一環として，放射線照射後代に見出された突然変異系統の遺伝分析を実施し，その特性変化としてのベタレイン色素の生合成に関与する遺伝子の作用性について考察を加えたものである.R sp.`'のX線突然変異系統XM-2たらびにXM-3の遺伝分析の結果，花色発現に必要な遺伝子として同一染色体に座乗するM₁およびM₂遺伝子の存在を仮定し，これによる実験結果を説明できた.この結果からさらに色調を淡色化する遺伝子が存在することも推定した.なお，M₁はM₂に対し上位性を示すものとした.一方，高速液体クロマトグラフィの技法を用いて含有するベタレイン色素について系統比較したところ，突然変異系統に構成色素の変化がみられ，さらにm2遺伝子の発現は温度に感受性を示し，酵素活性に関与すると推察された.

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Portulal 1 is a diterpene isolated from Portulaca grandiflora Hook. as a plant-growth regulator and have a unique [7.5]-ring system. From doubt to the proposed biosynthetic scheme and interest in the chemosystematics we have investigated extensively the constituents of related Portulaca species as well as the minor congeners of 1. From Portulaca grandiflora we characterized six compounds 2-7 with the [7.5]-ring system, in which four constituents were new, three compounds 8-10 with novel [7.6]-ring system, and one clerodane diterpene 11. For a gardening variant, P. cv. it is said that the consideration as an independent species would be pertinent from the standpoint of genetics. Examination of this plant disclosed the occurrence of trans-clerodane diterpenoids 12-16 ([6.6]-ring system) as major constituents and that of a diterpenoid 17 with [7.6]-ring system as minor one. This results strongly support the proposition that P. cv. should be an independent species. Next we examined the constituents of P. pilosa L. endemic to Iriomote island, Okinawa Pref.. We clarified the occurrence of three diterpenoids 19-21 with [7.6]-ring system in the aerial parts and that of three compounds 22-24 with [6.6]-ring system in the roots, a fact which would be biologically significant. P. cv. , P. pilosa and P. grandiflora have been disclosed to have the constituents with the biosynthetically more advanced structures in this order, which would imply the linear evolutional transition of the enzyme systems in Portulaca plants. At the same time we have proposed a chemically rational biosynthetic scheme based on the functionalization pattern of the diterpenoid components.

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