When introducing renewable energies, the - effect needs to be considered in addition to stable supply of energy and countermeasures against global warming. In this paper, we estimated the - effect in the life cycle of wind power plants which is expected to be massively introduced into the Hokkaido, the life cycle of wind power generation includes manufacture of a wind turbine, power generation, operation and maintenance. Input-output table analysis is applied for the estimation, and wind power generation sector is newly added to the published version of the Hokkaido input-output table. The life cycle - is estimated to be 1.34 person*year/GWh Of these, 0.57 person*year/GWh are Construction of wind turbine and 0.77 person*year/GWh are wind power generation About 30% of the life cycle - is created outside the Hokkaido.

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This paper aims to evaluate CFW programs as a disaster recovery policy tool in terms of the psychological aspects, using the questionnaire survey data of 897 participants in Fukushima Prefecture. The main findings are as follows: those who “want to contribute to the reconstruction of Fukushima,” “to newly acquire experience or skills” and “have access to trainer or instructor” significantly felt being “connected” and thought “positively” to the future. Interestingly, evacuees as a group generally had positive views for the future. The primary conclusion is that CFW has been successfully targeted to a vulnerable group, and has a psychologically positive impact on the participants, and especially on the evacuees.

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本稿は、EU機関のEurofoundが提供するRestructuring events database（RED）から抽出した欧州系巨大多国籍企業による欧州での撤退事例を分析した。従来の撤退事例の研究では、個別の撤退事例をそれぞれ１件として、その要因を計量的に分析し、「何故、撤退するのか？」という問いへの回答を探ってきていた。リストラの影響を受ける雇用者数を報じるREDのデータに基づく本稿では、同じ１件の撤退であっても、撤退がもたらす雇用喪失数で見れば、相互に大きな違いがあることを示した。即ち「どの程度、撤退は雇用に影響するのか？」という問題に答えた。更に、多国籍企業は国外のみならず、出自国における子会社の撤退も確認したが、これは従来の研究に欠けていた視点でもある。また、REDで報告されている撤退の背景や経緯から、三つの撤退理由を明らかにした。第一は、多国籍企業が投資前に十分な事前調査を怠っていた場合、「異邦性の負債」ならぬ「準備不足の負債」に拠るものである。第二は、多国籍企業を取り巻く諸条件が変化したことに拠るものであり、具体的には新たな競争相手の登場などによる競争条件の変化、景気循環や構造変化による需要の悪化といった「企業外要因」であり、「受動的撤退」に結びつく。第三は、「企業内要因」であるが、これは環境変化に直面した多国籍企業が競争力を改善するための「能動的撤退」につながる。撤退以外の雇用削減のみならず、雇用増を含むリストラ全体像の中で、「企業内要因」を更に検討した。撤退は、多国籍企業によるリストラ全体において比較的小さな割合を示すこと、多国籍企業は撤退と同時に雇用創出型のリストラも行うこと、そして、そのような撤退を含む雇用削減と雇用創出のリストラは、景気循環への対応というだけでなく、新規分野への参入という多国籍企業の進化の一部を形成していることが示された。国際ビジネス研究では、多国籍企業の進化的性質を分析するという流れがあるが、「撤退」の観点からは十分研究されてきておらず、その点にも本稿の意義がある。

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The macroeconomy of Cambodia has developed steadily since the end of the past civil war. However, the income gap between rural and urban areas is becoming wider and wider. In addition, poverty reduction is still an important issue for the country. In this paper, we estimate an input-output table and a social accounting matrix of Cambodia for the first time, and construct a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Based on the CGE model, we analyze the structure of the economy and discuss basic strategies for both macroeconomic growth and poverty reduction in Cambodia. Simulation results show that one cause for the income gap is a difference in growth rates between the service and fishery sectors. Therefore, protection of the environment to conserve fishery productivity is important for poverty reduction. The simulation also shows that export of agricultural and food products efficiently contributes to macroeconomic growth without an income conflict among income classes. As for financial management reforms, preferential treatment of light industries (food products and beverages, tobacco products, and textiles) is more efficient for pro-poor growth in Cambodia than price reduction of final demand goods.

JEL Classification: H20, O20, O53, R20

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Recently, plant factory related businesses are increasing because of abnormal climate and natural disasters. Various industries have entered the plant factory business with new cultivating techniques. Various attempts are being made to produce high value crops with research and development of various cultivating techniques. Additionally in the plant factory business, large-scale production, automation and labor-saving are also important for establishing a sustainable industry. Therefore, several techniques have been utilized to improve the use of space, application of automation, and productivity in the plant factory.

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Can trade liberalization deliver an employment double dividend and a welfare gain? To answer this question, we develop a trade model with firm heterogeneity, search and matching frictions, and an emissions tax. Decomposing the impact of trade liberalization on the amount of emissions into four forces, we first analytically show that trade liberalization may or may not support an employment double-dividend hypothesis, and that it may deliver a welfare loss. We then simulate our model and find that though it is rejected, a deliberate investment in abatement technology enables an economy to transit to a clean equilibrium with lower unemployment.

JEL Classification:F12, F64, F66, Q56

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Social service, both in name and reality, was introduced in 2007 to make more jobs in Korea, along with its budget, workforce in this field increasing continuously. Despite its growth, social service in Korea has some concerning issues. One of them is that social service virtually caters only to the poor, and the other is the limited scope of social service to care services.In this paper two solutions are suggested. First, eliminating the income standard when selecting beneficiaries so that more people can have access to social service. It can invigorate the market of social service and encourage both provider and consumer to exchange their service and demand. It can also respond to increasing social needs, and create decent jobs. Second, operating the social service in the same way as social security system. It can be more realistic, considering political and financial aspects.This study has its limitations; that it considered only the two problems mentioned above. However, this study mainly covers rising social demands caused by economic depression, low birthrate, and the aging society.

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This study looks at the process of introducing and defining the concept of social economy in Japan and Sweden — two countries with different conceptions of the third sector. Although the social economy concept was introduced into both countries at about the same time the diffusion of the concept varied. Pressure from the EU membership boosted the process in Sweden and led to the launch of a cross-ministerial working group which included representatives from the social economy organizations, researchers, and representatives from regional and local government authorities. Japan lacked a similar external stimulus and discussions on the concept were primarily limited to people with backgrounds in cooperative related research and activities. The conclusion argues that a further inclusion in the discussions on a unifying concept for a third sector would result in greater insight and recognition by government officials and by ordinary citizens of the great variety of forms and methods available to organizations that fall under the social economy label.

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This paper presents a two-sector model of search-generated unemployment with the public sector. When the goal equilibrium of the production sector that makes two goods and the goal equilibrium of the government sector are inconsistent, the economy specializes in production. Matching technologies and the surplus-sharing rule jointly determine whether the inconsistency arises. The paper also suggests a way that the Clarke tax will make a matching function endogenous.
JEL classification : F10, H40

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The purpose of this study is to present the task of the employment policy for individuals with disabilities through the analysis of the current situation of employment policy for people with disabilities and the application cases of local governments in Korea. The Ministry of Health and Welfare, as well as the Ministry of Employment and Labor, have collaborated to design an employment policy for person with disabilities. Recently, several central administrative departments including the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of SMEs and Startups, and the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism have implemented employment policies for people with disabilities directly or indirectly. Based on the results of this study, the policy directions for persons with disabilities were presented to invigorate employment and economic activity.

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This paper discusses the key reform agenda and economic characteristics of selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries in comparison with Central, East and Southeast Europe (CESEE) and draws policy lessons for MENA transitions. The main task in the MENA countries will be a thorough modernization based on already existing structures with the help of external assistance and foreign direct investment. In contrast to the CESEE, MENA countries have failed to increase their export market shares. Foreign capital inflows and the regional integration need to be fostered. The existing diversity will persist and affect the outcome of transition strategies.

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It verified two points of the function of an agricultural-products outlet, (1) function and (2) agricultural management support function.
The former analyzed statistically from the result of The 1995 Agricultural Census that installation of an outlet created employment.
The latter showed clearly through case analysis that an outlet supported management of a full-time farmers group.

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In this paper we examine the key components of a relatively new trend in bio and life sciences—translational science—and ponder what is in it that may enhance application of regional science to real world problems. The key in "translational" is a new way of using scientific knowledge including input/output analysis in real world situations, i.e., translating the knowledge into practice so that it can be better understood, embraced and applied to create positive outcomes. We start with a question: what makes "translational" different from a traditional "applied research ?" Unlike a traditional application based on "we deliver—you decide," one of the core characteristics of translational science is achieving a better, more efficient communication between science and real world through an emphasis on two-way communication between science and community. We review similar approaches such as participatory action research (PAR), interactive research in social science (ISS) and the iterative research model—all of which argue for meaningful interactions between research scientists and practitioners. We than asked if there is a need for "translational" regional science and what will the overall improvements/benefits to regional science be. Building on a recently completed project we demonstrate "translation" of academic knowledge to community through community engagement. In particular, we focus on translating the outcomes of input/output modeling to practical application in regional economic development.

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Afghanistan is a landlocked country of plains and mountains with a wide range of ecosystems. Its climate is continental, with cold winters and hot summers. Most of the country is semi-arid or arid, although the east is watered by the monsoon. The natural resources and associated biological diversity provide the basis of a livelihood for up to 80% of the population; agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, and forestry form the backbone of the economy. Afghanistan is rich in biodiversity and natural beauty, and is home to globally significant wildlife species such as Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii) and the snow leopard (Uncia uncia), which are under pressure from hunting, loss of habitat, and illegal trade. The most significant threats to natural resources are illegal hunting and trade, deforestation, desertification, and lack of law enforcement. In this situation, food security and sustainable agricultural development will remain a dream, and the causes of poverty and instability will be strengthened, both in Afghanistan and in the region. If Afghanistan is to develop into a vibrant nation with secure sustainable agricultural development, it must first halt the loss of its biodiversity, which requires international support and collaboration in national reconciliation, , capacity building, raising of public awareness, and law enforcement. Healthy societies depend on a healthy environment that is rich in biodiversity, whose conservation is a must.

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Since its start in 2008, Furusato Nozei Seido, or hometown tax donation program, has expanded its size. Many existing papers focus on the program’s history, mechanism and “unhealthy” competitions among local governments. Little attention has been given to how the donations are used. In this study, the data for the program in 2018 were used to calculate policy project priority scores of local governments in allocating newly funded money. The results showed that the most prioritized project was child care, followed by education. Tourism was in the fourth place. The priority scores were also used to calculate correlations with official tourism and natural disaster data. The tourism scores and tourism data showed weak negative correlations, suggesting that local governments with lesser tourists used the fund from the program to promote tourism. The resilience scores and disaster damage data showed positive moderate correlations, suggesting that local governments with large damage utilized the fund from the program for recovery and future prevention of the disaster. Hometown tax donation program is a part of regional revitalization strategy, which set as one of the most important objectives. The local governments are advised to use the fund more on tourism, one of the most promising growing industries.

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