The term ‘Koiki-’ essentially refers to Prefectural Divisions. In this paper, the ‘Koiki-’ is considered in relation to the concept of ‘Settled Areas’ (‘Teiju-’) which was published in the Third National Comprehensive Plan of Japan in 1977. If the ‘Koiki-’ is to be thought of as being equivalent to the concept of a ‘Settled Area’, among the most important considerations for regional policy are the employment opportunities that can be secured in such an area. The ratio of the number of employment opportunities actually realised to the number required was found to be satisfactory. This ratio was seen to bear a correlation to the rate of population increase.
Principal Component Analysis and subsequent Cluster Analysis showed that the ‘Koiki-’ of the Kanto, Tohoku and Hokkaido regions could be classified into three groups, viz: Backward Area, Intermediate Areas and Advanced Areas.
The ‘Koiki-’ in which Prefectural Captials are located were found to belong to the Advanced Area grouping. In the ‘Koiki-’ which fall into the Backward and Intermediate Area categories, the increase in the rate of population increase is dependent upon the percentage contribution of employment in the Manufacturing Industries to total employment. In contrast, in the Advanced Areas, employment opportunities are secured largely by Commerical Activity and the Service Industries.

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Almost all the people of any village or town in Nagano- in Japan imagine that the rainbow rises from the water. " Where does the rainbow rise from ? " Ask the question, and one almost always receive such an answer that the rainbow rises from a pond, a marsh, a river, depths, a lake, or the sea. Sometimes people tel・1 him even the name of a special and definite pond or river from which the rainbow rises. Such a traditiona] belief among people that the rainbow rises from the water is found not only in Nagano-, but also in Niigata-, Yamanashi-, and Chiba-, and even in such a far northern district as Akita-, according to the author's information. It can also be found in Ishikawa・, Fukui-, the urban districts of Ky6to, Hy6go-, Kyti-shiu, and even in Okinawa Isles. In short, this traditoinal belief that the rainbow rises from the water may be considered to be wide spread among people all over Japan. And moreover it may have exsited a'mong people since ancient times. One can find the evidence of its existence in such classics as Kojiki, Nihonshoki, and Mannyo. The documents of the Heian Dynasty show that it also exsited in that age. The origin of this traditional belief can be explained by an ancient, belief that the rainbow is a dragon or serpent that lives in the water. The ancient be]ief even now remains evidently in such prefectures as Nagano-, Yamanashi-, Akita-, and dita-, and also in Okinawa Isles. This queer ancient belief that the rainbow is a dragon or serpent which rises from its dwelling place in the water is found not only among Japanese, but also among the Ainu, Koreans, Chinese, the aborigines of Formosa, Malayans, Rumanians, and lrishmen in Europe. Africans, Austrarians, and the natives in America, in so far as it has been known to the author till now. It may be concluded that all the people in the world, perhaps, had once the ancient belief. There was another belief from old time that the rainbow was a bridge from the heaven to the earth over which various divine beings passed. This was believed not only in Japan, China, and Korea, but also among American Indians and many of Europeans. It was also a world-wide traditional belief. There was one more belief that gold, treasures, and good luck were hidden at the place from which the rainbow rose. This belief was probably world-wide from old timesand seems to have some close relation with a strange Japanese custom in the Middle Age that a fair was held at the place from which a rainbow had risen. What interests the author is the report indicating some relation between the rainbow and an old Melanesian trade custom. What has been mentioned above is the result drawn from the data ivhich the author collected and arranged, but it is too great a riddle for him to solvb why there are such traditional beliefs about the rainbow that seem to be common to all the people in the world.

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市民、社会の技術への不信感は技術を簡明に再構築するしか拭う方法はない。技術を簡明にするための提言が簡明な技術すなわち、-技術である。技術を簡明に構築し直すことによって市民は主体的に技術に関与できるようになる。これがテクノデモクラシーである。
技術の基盤は材料にある。簡明な技術を可能にする材料開発のコンセプトが賢材すなわち、-マテリアルである。両者に共通なという発音を持っ漢字には、賢、建、検、兼、健、倹、圏がある。これらの漢字が-技術および-マテリアルの要素を示す。
賢は自己診断等の自律性を示す。他の複雑化を誘引する技術の付加なしに賢さを持つ、ということである。建と検、そして兼は一つの手法で構造材料の特性向上 (建) と損傷の自己診断のような機能性 (検) を獲得できる融合化 (兼) が可能であるという設計思想を示す。健と倹そして圏は、市民の主体的関与を可能にする「健」全な技術は、徹底的に複雑さを排除するという (倹) に象徴される哲学によって達成され、市民の関与あってこそ環境保全 (圏) に資する技術となるということを示す。
本稿では、「-技術と-マテリアル」のコンセプトに沿って活動している賢材研究会、簡明技術推進機構の活動について紹介する。
-技術そして-マテリアルによってこそ21世紀は存在しうる。

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The Typhoon 0108 (Typhoon Toraji) attacked the eastern and central Taiwan on 30 July, 2001. This typhoon brought about a heavy rainfall. In the central area of Hualien- and the southern area of Nantou-, the hourly rainfall more than 100 mm lasted three hours, and the total rainfall amounted to more than 400 mm, resulting in the occurrence of disastrous debris flow in many places in both Hulien- and Nantou-. The severe inundation flows also occurred due to both overtopping flows and bank breaches in Chosui River basin in Nantou-. By these river floods and sediment disasters, 214 persons were killed or missing and huge damages spread out all over the country. This paper summarizes the findings of these disasters obtained through the field survey. Moreover, estimation of debris flow hydrographs of the Tsingsui River in Taiko village, Hualien- and flooding and deposition processes on the fan of the river had been done by using one- and two-dimensional simulation models, respectively.

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  This paper focuses on the position of “Ju-” matches and their promoter, Kenji Kano, in Japanese boxing history. A “Ju-” match was a match between a judoist and a boxer, and such bouts were held from the middle of the Taisho era to the early Showa era in Kobe, Tokyo and Osaka. The main organizer of these matches was the “International Ju- club”, whose owner Kenji Kano was the nephew of Jigoro Kano. This study divides the history of Ju- into three periods, each with respective features.
  The first period was from October 1919 to April 1921. Ju- at this time was intended to reform judo into a competitive sport through fighting with boxing. Although judo had been well established at that time, it was facing a challenge due to loss of its spirit and form as a martial art during the process of sportification. Jigoro Kano, the founder of Judo, was unhappy with this change. By studying boxing, karate, aikido, stick fighting and other martial arts, he aimed at creating a ‘Martial Art Judo’. His nephew Kenji Kano pursued martial art-oriented judo as well, but his approach to reconstructing judo as a martial art was through mixed martial arts games, the “Ju- match”.
  The middle period was from May 1921 to March 1925, when Ju- evolved into a spectator sport that encapsulated the struggle for superiority in terms of nationality and ethnicity. Because Kodokan prohibited their members from participating in any mixed-martial arts match from April 1921, Ju- became a spectator sport. In addition, after charity matches following the Great Kanto Earthquake, in order to bring more excitement to the game, Ju- heightened the opposition and rivalry based on the nationalities and ethnicities of the athletes.
  The final period was from April 1925 to August 1931, when Ju- changed into a show that was intended to provoke nationalistic emotions among the audience. After the development of “normal” boxing, Ju- held normal boxing matches in their games and adopted new boxing-like rules. These new rules and the point systems put foreign boxers at a disadvantage when fighting against Japanese judoists, ensuring that Japanese would always defeat foreigners.
  Finally, through assimilation of knowledge and focusing on boxing, this study argues that Ju- matches created a background for localization of modern boxing in Japan.

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In August 28, 1871(Meiji 4), the Meiji Government made a proclamation of "Kaihou-rei(law)", and it caused 10 riots against "Kaihou-rei" by 1873(Meiji 6)in Japan. The purpose of this paper is to study how the first riot against "Kaihou-rei", so-called "Ban・tan-ikki(riot)", broke out. The riot came from proclaiming "Kaihou-rei", but if the riot is to be detailed we need to clarify the situation of Ban・tan region. In those days, directly after "Hai・han(clan)-chi・(prefecture)", Banshu region was under Himeji-, and Tajima region under Ikuno-. And regarding the countermovement against "Kaihou-rei", there is a difference between those 2 regions. And the route of the riot, as is called "Ban・tan-ikki", is regarded as a link that connects Banshu region to Tajima. But in those 2 regions, as previously stated, there is a difference in the form of the countermovement. And by examining closely "Dajoh-ruiten(government's documents)", we see that the one linked route which is stated in "Fu・-siryo Hyogo-(prefecture's documents)" had originally 2 separated routes. In a word, "Ban・tan-ikki" can be separated into 2 riots, "Ikuno・-ikki" and "Himeji・-ikki", which is proved by materials for the study, "Oh・shoya-nisshi(diary)" and "Fujimoto-tomegaki(diary)" etc.

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In the Osaka magistrate office architectural control of temples, we have studied applications and pointed out following. 1. "Shikorohisashi" was classified "Shikoro" and "Hisashi", the former was 9-shaku and the latter 1-. 2. There are little applications whose scale of beam was over 3-. 3. The minimum scale of Hisashi, Shikoro and Geya was all 3-shaku, and the maximum of each 1.5-, 1.5- and 2-. 4. In changing the scale, most applications, whose scale of beam was within 5.5-, was presented. 5. It is confirmed no differences in usage of Hisashi, Shikoro and Geya, but the maximum scale was noticed.

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The length of beams in the structure of the religious facility in the hermit's cell (ANSITSU) of the Sin-sect Buddhism in the Higo-clan from KANEI 10 (1633) to GENBUN 5 (1740) was less than 2 and a half. In KANEN 3 (1750), the hermit's cell (ANSITSU), which has a length of beams of 3 and the religious facility and the residential facility were separated, was constructed. The hermit's cell (ANSITSU) with the length of beams of 3 was constructed from KANEN 3 (1750) to KANSEI 3 (1791), but owing to the decree of the Higo clan there was a fact which regulated the length of beams and the ridge direction in the religious facility of the hermit's cell (ANSITSU) should be less than 2 and 7 , respectively. Only 2 examples were to be found of the hermit's cell (ANSITSU) religious facility which had 2 in length of beams and 7 in ridge direction in KANSEI 3 (1791).

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A total of 70 patients with acute spinal cord injury were identified in Tottori- from January 1988 to December 1989. The population of Tottori- during that period was 0.61 million. Therefore the incidente of traumatic spinal cord injury of Tottori- was 56.7 per million population per year. The average age was 48.5 years, which was significantly older in Japan compared to that in Australia, California and Taipei.

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The Ono-gumi, wealthy merchants of the Meiji Restoration, were from the bakumatsu period involved in mining in Morioka. The Ono Gonemon family especially, was engaged in iron manufacture and minting. Later in the Meiji period, with the profits realized from exchange drafts and prefectural money orders and by utilizing government funds related to their management of money orders, they initiated mining and other enterprises. Land was leased and mines were opened under the management of Segawa. Yasugoro in Akita- in December, 1872 and in Aomori- in December, 1873. Ono Zenjuro was in charge of Iwate- and Yoshida Seigoro began operations in Wakamatsu- in February, 1874. The Ono-gumi operated mines at twelve different sites in Akita-, including the mines at Mukaiyama, Hosoji, Tamagawa, Akitorizawa, Toyama, Kako, Taira, Hachimori, Kawaguchi, Arakawa, Innai, and Ani. The bold merchant Okada Heizo was in business in Akita-, but he utilized capital from the Ono-gumi. Although mining operations were already underway at Ani, Innai and Osaruzawa, relying on the Ono-gumi raw silk business for capital two Ono-gumi representatives, Furukawa Ichibei and Okada Heizo, combined their labor in mines they owned and operated. Later, after the death of Okada, Furukawa closed the mine at Osaruzawa and single-handedly operated the mines at Ani, Kawaguchi, Innai, Taira, Arakawa, and Hachimori and was closely affiliated with the Ono-gumi silk business. In addition, many other mines were operated by the Ono-gumi.

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This paper aims to clarify the planning characteristics of the newly built, detached dwelling in Kagoshima city. Main conclusions are as follows; 1) The 1st floor plan types of the dwelling in Kagoshima City are classified into the same 6 plan types as those in Hokuriku region. 2) The typical configuration of the housing lot in Kagoshima City is 7.2 (13.0 m) in the frontage by 7.7 (13.9 m) in the depth, while that of Hokuriku region is 6.4 (11.5 m) by 9.3 (16.7 m) . The housing lot in Kagoshima City is constituted by the wider frontage by 0.8 (1.5 m) and shorter depth by 1.6 (2.8m) than that in Hokuriku region. 3) Hence Middle Corridor type is the most typical dwelling plan type in Kagoshima City. However, this dwelling plan type is scarcely in existence in Hokuriku region, because Middle Coridor type is constituted by the longer frontage, that is, 6 (10.8m) to 8 (14.4m).

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This paper presents damage of bridges during the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake. Since the bridges in the north Miyagi- and south Iwate- suffered extensive damage in the 1978 Miyagi--oki earthquake, damage of bridges in the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake is evaluated in comparison with the damage in the 1978 Miyagi--oki earthquake so that effect of the recent progress of seismic design can be evaluated. Tsunami-induced damage was extensive for bridges along the Pacific Coast. Typical feature of tsunami-induced damage is presented based on a field investigation and video movies.

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A total of 23 species of Fissidens were found in Tokushima- and Kochi-, Shtkoku. Seven are additions to the moss flora of Shikoku.

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“ Zen Ichinyo” is a phrase to express the close connection between Zen and swordmanship. However, both are originally separate. I analyze examples of Zen terms quoted in the Heihokadensho of Yagyu Munenori, and consider The Mysterious Record of Immovable Wisdom of Takuan who was an adviser of Munenori next, thereby clarifying the source of the expression “ Zen Ichinyo.” There were two intentions in the way Zen terms were quoted helping us understand the origin of “ Zen Ichinyo.”

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Since the magnitude 7.3 Hyogo--nambu earthquake of 1995, several other damaging earthquakes have struck Japan, including the 2000 Tottori--seibu and 2004 Niigata--chuetsu earthquakes. The latter earthquakes did not have dominant surface ruptures comparable to their subsurface fault lengths, suggesting that seismic hazard assessments should include not only large earthquakes produced by mapped active faults but also moderately sized earthquakes with few surface clues. This short report aims to (1) calculate pre-seismic indexes for the following recent intraplate earthquakes in Japan: 1995 Hyogo--nambu,1997 Kagoshim--hokuseibu,1997 Yamaguchi--hokubu,1998 Iwate-Shizukuishi,2000 Tottori--seibu,2003 Miyagi--hokubu,2004 Niigata--chuetsu, and 2005 Fukuoka--seiho-oki earthquakes; and (2) discuss these indexes based on a fault evolution model (Wesnousky,1999). Earthquake data for 1984-2005 were obtained from the Annual Earthquake Report of the Japan Meteorological Business Support Center and the High Sensitivity Seismograph Network Japan (Hi-net), which is operated by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention. Earthquakes of magnitude> 2.0 and depth< 20 km were selected using both 0.2 × 0.2 and 1.0× 1.0 degree rectangular grids with the hypocenter located at the center. The calculated statistical indexes include the cumulative number of earthquakes, magnitude-frequency relationship, Gutenberg-Richter parameters (b and a values), AS-function, and the LTA (long-term average) -function as a function of time. The preliminary results show (a) positive relationships for magnitude, the step width of abrupt seismicity rate changes, and the time until the main shock, although only four data sets were available for regression; (b) a large change in b-value amplitude as a function of time for earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 or larger, with the Hyogo--nambu earthquake having the maximum amplitude and a dominant surface rupture; and (c) indication of seismic quiescences by the AS-function and LTA-function. Although these results were qualitatively interpretable from the fault evolution model, no qualitative relationship was shown from which to predict the time until the main shock and its magnitude. To improve the results, further objective quantitative measurements of continuous/discontinuous fault traces are necessary for incorporation into the fault evolution model.

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