本発表では，グラフ上でのランダムウォークについて議論する．頂点数nのグラフ上の単純ランダムウォークの全訪問時間はΘ(n³)であることが，また，グラフのクリークをスターに置き換えた箒グラフ上のCoverTimeはΘ(n²)であることが知られている．この2つの差異の解明を目的とし，グラフから箒グラフに辺削除操作でグラフを変形させながら，各グラフ上のランダムウォークの全訪問時間について計算機実験を行った．得られた結果をもとに，辺の削除とランダムウォークの全訪問時間の関係について考察する．

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The purpose of this study is to assess orally-disintegrating (OD) tablet of clonidine hydrochloride (CL) for a pre-operative sedation in pediatric surgery. Sedation score and plasma CL concentration of OD formulation was compared with original preparation, CL , in pediatric patients. Fourteen patients (age: 3.9±2.3 years, weight: 16.9±5.0 kg) for OD group and 9 patients (age: 4.4±3.1 years, weight: 17.2±7.0 kg) for group received 4 μg/kg of CL preparation. Pre-operative sedation was evaluated by 5-point scoring systems at entering the operating room. Plasma CL concentrations were determined 120 min after administration of CL preparation. The changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were also assessed before and after administration of CL preparation. Every patients in OD group had satisfactory sedation (sedation score: 2 and 3), whereas, 3 (33%) in group had unsatisfactory sedation (sedation score: 0 and 1). Plasma CL concentration in OD group was significantly higher than those in group (0.75±0.15 vs. 0.42±0.21 ng/ml, p<0.01). There was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameters (SBP, DBP and HR) between before and after administration of CL preparation in both OD and group. We conclude that OD is superior preparation of CL for pre-operative sedation in pediatric surgery.

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Clonidine hydrochloride has been used for pre-anesthetic medication to provide a pre-operative sedation in pediatric surgery. The purpose of this study is to determine the plasma clonidine concentration, which gives satisfactory sedation in pediatric surgery. Sixteen pediatric patients (age: 1—11 years, weight: 9—33 kg) received either 2 or 4 μg/kg of clonidine before entering the operating room. Plasma clonidine concentrations were determined 120 min after administration of clonidine . Pre-operative sedation was evaluated by 5-point scoring systems at entering the operating room. The changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were also assessed before and after administration of clonidine . The patients with satisfactory sedation had higher plasma clonidine concentration than that of the patients with unsatisfactory sedation (0.45±0.16 ng/ml vs. 0.26±0.16 ng/ml, p<0.05). The clonidine concentrations in the satisfactory group ranged from 0.28 to 0.81 ng/ml. There was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameters (SBP, DBP and HR) before and after administration of clonidine in both satisfactory and unsatisfactory sedation groups. Plasma clonidine concentration of 0.3—0.8 ng/ml would be sufficient to produce satisfactory sedation without changes in hemodynamic parameters in pediatric surgery.

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In recent years, much attention has been paid to determining not only the composition, but also the inclusion characteristics from liquid steel samples extracted from a ladle or a tundish. Here, a crucial point is that the steel sampler is filled and solidified without changing the inclusion characteristics that exist at steel making temperatures. Therefore, one of the first steps to investigate is the flow pattern inside samplers during filling in order to obtain a more in-depth knowledge of the sampling process. In this paper, this is done using physical modeling of a -shaped sampler. More specifically, particle image velocimetry was employed to capture the flow field and calculate the velocity vectors during the entire experiment. The filling rate at the pin part of the sampler was varied during the experiments. It was found that due to the geometry change at the transition from the inlet pin to the body part of the sampler, the flow is very chaotic at the initial filling stage. Furthermore, vortexes are formed in the water sampler vessel during all the fillings and the height of the vortex center varies with the filling rate. Overall, it was found that the flow patterns in the -shaped sampler vessel can be characterized into three distinct flow regions: the upper vortexes region, the lower horizontal flow region and the middle nozzle flow region.

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肝原発の類上皮血管内皮腫（epithelioid hemangioendothelioma）は肝悪性腫瘍全体の0.1％以下の非常に稀な疾患であり，非特異的な画像所見と腫瘍生検の正診率の低さから，術前診断が困難な疾患である．今回われわれは2012年から2021年までに，当科で切除した3例の術前診断や治療に関して検討した．

症例1は腫瘍生検で肝内胆管癌の術前診断となり，肝右三区域切除術を施行した．術後の組織学的所見で肝類上皮血管内皮腫の診断となった．症例2は臨床経過と画像所見から術前に肝類上皮血管内皮腫と診断し，肝部分切除を施行した．術後の組織学的所見で肝類上皮血管内皮腫の確定診断に至った．症例3は画像所見から肝類上皮血管内皮腫および同時性肺転移を疑った．

腫瘍生検を施行し，類上皮血管内皮腫の診断とし，肝部分切除を施行した．

肝類上皮血管内皮腫は術前診断が困難と言われているが，臨床経過や画像所見から肝類上皮血管内皮腫を鑑別診断に挙げ，治療戦略を練ることが非常に重要であると考える．

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1. The effect of molecular oxygen upon the C¹⁴O₂-fixing capacity of Chlorella cells was investigated under various experimental conditions.
2. It was observed that the stationary level of the light-induced C¹⁴O₂-fixing power (R) was markedly depressed by the effect of oxygen. The following relation was found to hold between the stationary R-level (established in the light) and the O₂-tension applied:
[R]_S=(φ/φ+[O₂])[R]^N_S
where [R]_S and [R]^N_S represent the level established in the presence and absence, .respectively, of oxygen, [O₂] the oxygen partial pressure, and Φ a constant which was found to be 0.22 atm. at 25°.
3. The depressing effect of oxygen upon the stationary R-level was increased when the concentration of C¹⁴O₂ (supplied in the dark) was decreased.
4. The stationary R-level depressed by the effect of oxygen could be restored completely by the removal of oxygen.
5. While the process of formation (in the light) of the light-induced O¹⁴O₂-fixing power was not affected by oxygen, its decay in the dark was markedly accelerated by the effect of oxygen. It was postulated that the level of the light-induced O¹⁴O₂-fixing power is determined by the relative rates of formation (caused by light) and decay (occurring independently of light) of a certain reducing (C¹⁴O₂-fixing) substance. Based on this view, a kinetic schema was presented to account for the various facts observed in the experiments. The essential conclusion arrived at was that both the inhibitory action of oxygen upon photo-synthesis and the reactivity of oxygen as an oxidant for the Hill reaction are due to the reaction of oxygen with the reducing agent (R) formed by the effect of illumination.
6. In contrast to the light-induced C¹⁴O₂-fixing power, the light-independent C¹⁴O₂-fixing capacity of algal cells was found to be increased by the effect of oxygen.
This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education and from the Rockefeller Foundation, both of which are gratefully acknowledged here. Thanks are due to Mr. K. Suzuki for his assistance in some experiments during this work.

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Lollipops of clonidine hydrochloride, an α₂-adrenergic agonist, for the preanesthetic medication of pediatric patients were prepared using the drug, sucrose and starch syrup. The lollipops were designed to contain 10 μg/g of clonidine hydrochloride, and made of 2,3 and 5 g formulations. The lollipops were also prepared at different composition ratios of sucrose and starch syrup. Three different commercial products of the starch syrup, with various water contents, were used. The coefficient of variation of clonidine hydrochloride content in the lollipops was 1.2%. Good content uniformity was shown. In the clinical examination, 14 patients, aged 2-7 yr and weighing 10-26.2 kg, each received a

with approximately 2 μg/kg clonidine hydrochloride 90 min before entering the operating room. All patients were willing to accept the . The quality of separation from parents and a mask acceptance was improved in approximately 50% of the patients.

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This work presents a theoretical study of the liquid steel sampling process in the iron and steel industry. As a continuous research with the previous work, the initial solidification during the sampler filling was taken into account. The liquid steel sampling procedure, which is mainly used to monitor whether the steel is at the correct composition during the steelmaking, can also be applied to examine the inclusion size characteristics. Focus was on the influence of the initial solidification on the inclusion concentrations. The whole sampling system was modeled in order to obtain a simulation result which is realistic from an industrial perspective. Argon-protected sampling was the focus in the simulations. A discrete phase model was used to simulate the movement of inclusions in the liquid steel. Inclusions were injected from the inlet pin of the -shaped sampler. Some selected different sized primary inclusions that exist in the ladles during a steelmaking process were simulated. The conclusion from this work is that turbulent flow patterns within the sampler mold will change because of the space shrinkage due to the solidification. This, in turn, will also affect the inclusion dispersions. It concludes that the preferred position for detecting inclusions is the bottom region, except the bottom surface. It estimates that the mean deviation between the calculated result and the initial concentration for all inclusions in these regions is within 10%.

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NMI in electrical steels are known to have a very complex chemical makeup and history of formation, and exert a large influence on the handling of this steel in secondary metallurgy and casting. We have developed routines to analyse the non-metallic inclusion contents of non grain-oriented electrical steels by automated FEG-SEM analysis. We automatically analyze NMI of sizes down to 0.08 μm² in a steel that has significant amount of alloyed Si (2.3 wt%) by employing a matrix spectrum subtraction routine that leaves only the signal of the NMI itself to be quantified. We describe data reduction procedures for the NMI populations that consist out of duplexing oxides, sulfides, and nitrides. The chemical complexity can be represented and understood in terms of using a multicomponent projection technique, and based on the analysis of the particles it is possible to calculate quantitatively the amount of elements contained in the NMI assemblage of a steel sample. We find that this mass balance gives results in good to excellent agreement with bulk steel analyses for elements that are dominantly inclusion bound, such as Ca, if the complete inclusion size range above 0.08 μm² is taken into account. Based on these data analysis methods, we compare the NMI development in two heats through the secondary metallurgy process. Although the same steel composition was alloyed, the NMI developed vastly different depending on the details of treatment on the ladle furnace.

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Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE) is a rare hepatic vascular tumor with a borderline biological behavior between hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma. It tends to be multiple or diffuse subcapsular lesions across the liver but has no characteristic clinical manifestations or imaging findings. On computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, these lesions usually have a hypodense appearance with heterogeneous enhancement and a "halo sign" or "

sign" may be evident in some cases. HEHE is diagnosed mainly based on a pathological examination along with differential immunohistochemical markers such as CAMTA1, CD31, CD34, CD10, vimentin, and factor VIII antigen. Currently, there are no standardized treatment guidelines for HEHE, and surgery (curative resection and liver transplantation) remains the mainstay of treatment. Studies have indicated that extra-hepatic metastasis might not be a contraindication for resection or transplantation. Systemic chemotherapeutic agents including doxorubicin, vincristine, interferon-a, 5-fluorouracil, and thalidomide, as well as VEGF-related agents are being investigated, but no agents have been approved for the treatment of HEHE.

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症例の概要：患者は73歳男性で脳血管性認知症を有しており，認知症病棟に入院中である．唾液や食物を飲み込みにくいという主訴の下，摂食観察を行ったところ多量の口腔内食物残留および喫食率の低下を認めた．また，嚥下造影検査（Videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing: VF）では，舌搾送運動の不良，嚥下反射の惹起遅延，ならびに口蓋から咽頭部にかけての食物残留を認めた．そこで，従来からの口腔機能リハビリテーションに加え，飴を舐める機能を応用したリハビリテーションを6カ月間行い，訓練介入前後および介入期間中の嚥下機能，口腔機能，口腔内環境，体重および摂食状況を観察したところ，舌搾送運動の改善，最大舌圧値，体重，喫食率の増加，口腔内の食物残留量や細菌数の減少を認めた．
考察：中等度認知症患者に対し，従来のリハビリテーションに加えて，複雑な指示理解を必要としない飴を舐めるリハビリテーションを継続することにより，口腔内および口腔周囲筋の廃用防止と口腔内環境の改善につながったものと考えられた．
結論：6カ月間の本口腔機能リハビリテーションにより，口腔の機能と環境に改善を認めたことより，中等度認知症患者において，飴を用いたリハビリテーションが有効である可能性が示唆された．

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Shape transformations of a vesicle during the polymerization ofan encapsulated microtubule is studied by the Monte Carlo simulations, and the morphology phase diagram is obtained in the phase space of the osmotic pressure p and the microtubule length L₀.The -like shape with a spherical main body and a protrusionat one end is obtained at a negative p and a moderateL₀. The φ-shape with symmetric two protrusions canbe realized only as a transient shape under a rapid polymerizationof the microtubule at low temperatures.

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  麻酔科医は, ケアマインドを基本姿勢にもち, 技術的な ｢安全｣ を確保したうえで, 術前の ｢安心｣ や ｢快適｣ な処置, そしてその後の ｢満足｣ を患者に提供できるように麻酔全体を計画する役目を担っている. 本稿では, 脳機能評価も含めた前投薬の意義づけと小児に対して最適量のミダゾラムを舌下投与するため, 鎮静が得られればそこで投与が中止される棒付きキャンディーを利用した工夫を紹介する. 術後のPCA (Patient-Controlled Analgesia) と同様に, 術前に鎮静を患児自身が調節する方法 (Patient-Controlled Premedication) として, このキャンディーの開発経緯や特性, 現在の使用状況, 今後の方向や問題点などを検討した.

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The use of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells would be of great value for a variety of applications involving drug development studies. Several reports have been published on the differentiation of human iPS cells into hepatocyte-like cells; however, the cells were insufficient for application in drug metabolism studies. In this study, we aimed to establish effective methods for differentiation of human iPS cells into hepatocytes. Two human iPS cell lines were differentiated by addition of activin A, dimethyl sulfoxide, hepatocyte growth factor, oncostatin M, and dexamethasone. The differentiated cells expressed hepatocyte markers and drug-metabolizing enzymes, revealing that the human iPS cells were differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells. Expression of CYP3A4 and UGT1A1 mRNAs increased with treatment with typical inducers of the enzymes, and the response of the cells against the inducers was similar to that of human hepatocytes. Furthermore, the drug-metabolizing activity of CYP3A4, as monitored by testosterone 6β-hydroxylase activity, was elevated by these inducers. In conclusion, we established methods for differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells expressing drug metabolizing activity from human iPS cells. The hepatocyte-like cells derived from human iPS cells will be useful for drug metabolism studies.

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1. The light-induced C¹⁴O₂-fixing capacity of algal cells (Chlorella), as it was measured by the technique of Ca1vin et al. (2, 12), was found to be markedly decreased when quinone was added to the algal suspension.
2. The suppressing effect of quinone was reversible when its con-centration was low (10^-4.3M or less), but became irreversible when the quinone concentration was raised (10^-4M or more). The reversible suppression of C¹⁴O₂-fixing capacity caused by quinone in lower con-centrations was explained as due to the reaction between the photo-chemically produced reducing substance and quinone, and the irreversibility of the quinone effect at its higher concentrations was inter-preted as being due to the irreversible destruction of the reaction system between the photochemically formed reducing substance and C¹⁴O₂.
3. It was inferred that the Hill reaction brought about by quinone is nothing but a reaction between quinone and a reducing agent, whose photochemical formation in algal cells can be revealed by the measure-ment of light-induced C¹⁴O₂-fixing capacity according to the method of Calvin et al.
This work was aided by grants from the Ministry of Education and the Rocke-feller Foundation. To these bodies we extend our grateful thanks. Our thanks are also due to Mr. Seikichi Izawa for help with some of the experiments.

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used as a cryoprotectant for peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) preservation. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a metabolite of DMSO secreted through patients' breath after PBSC infusion. It possesses malodor causing an unpleasant environment. We evaluated the efficacy of a photocatalyst environment purifier, which has the potential to lyse toxic substances, in reducing DMS malodor. High DMS concentration in the air after PBSC infusion rapidly decreased after operating the device. Our results suggest that photocatalytic reaction has the potential to reduce the DMS odor associated with PBSC infusion.

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The determination of alloying and impurity elements was performed from a stainless steel matrix and inclusions in process samples. An electrolytic extraction method was applied for the separation of inclusions using two different but commonly used electrolytes, 10% HCl and 10% acetylacetone in methanol. The elemental analyses were performed using atomic absorption spectrometry. The elements of interest were aluminum, arsenic, copper, vanadium, titanium and chromium. The aluminum containing inclusions were imaged using a field emission scanning electron microscope. The results for copper and chromium in both electrolytes, vanadium in 10% HCl electrolyte and arsenic in 10% acetylacetone electrolyte were in good agreement with industrial data. Titanium and aluminum were measured from the dissolved steel matrix but titanium was also detected in the inclusions. It was concluded that the analytical results for titanium and aluminum measured using an optical emission spectrometer is affected by the inclusions within the stainless steel.

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