The Ninth International Symposium on Networking and Computing (CANDAR 2021) was held virtually from November 24th to 26th, 2021. The organizers of the CANDAR 2021 invited authors to submit the extended version of the presented papers. As a result, 18 articles have been submitted to this special issue. This issue includes the extended version of 14 papers that have been accepted. This issue owes a great deal to a number of people who devoted their time and expertise to handle the submitted papers. In particular, I would like to thank the guest editors for the excellent review process: Professor Akihiro Fujiwara, Professor Ikki Fujiwara, Professor Shuichi Ichikawa, Professor Yasuaki Ito, Professor Noriaki Kamiyama, Professor Eitaro Kohno, Professor Michihiro Koibuchi Professor Susumu Matsumae, Professor Toru Nakanishi, Professor Ryo Nakamura, - sor Nobuhiko Nakano, Professor Yasuyuki Nogami, Professor Hiroyuki Sato, and Professor Shinya Takamaeda-Yamazaki. Words of gratitude are also due to the anonymous reviewers who carefully read the papers and provided detailed comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the submitted papers. This special issue would not have been without their efforts.

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This thesis intends to discuss the five basic issues of the social work profession in Japan. The situation of Japanese social workers have been changed largely since 1987 when "The Certified Social Work er and Care Worker Law" has been issued. However it is said that these five issues are still basic ones today. In this article five dichotomies will be used which have previously been used by persons in the field of social work. These dichotomies, reflecting controversies in the social work profession, will give you an image of the recent position of social work or social welfare in Japan, which is quite different from that of the United States. Social work has not yet been recognized as a profession in Japan and, accordingly, many of these dichotomies center around the issue of professionalization.

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Objective: The non-medical needs of patients, such as values and personal preferences, are likely to be omitted from advance care planning (ACP) discussions because of a lack of readiness and awareness on the part of healthcare professionals. The aim of the present study was to identify core components perceived by multidisciplinary healthcare professionals to improve person-centered ACP conversations with older people.

Methods: The study participants were healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses, and care managers) working in different cities. This qualitative study was performed online using eight individual in-depth interviews and one subsequent focus group composed of eight healthcare professionals. The interviews and focus group discussion were audio-recorded online and transcribed verbatim. The aim of the analysis of the individual in-depth interviews was to summarize the transcribed results, create a conceptual framework for person-centered ACP conversation, and provide meaningful interpretations of the focus group participant discourse. The qualitative data were then analyzed by inductive manual coding using a qualitative content analysis approach.

Results: Five themes capturing the core components for successful person-centered ACP were extracted from the ideas voiced by participants: Placing highest value on patient autonomy and human life; uncovering patient’s true feelings and desires; sharing collected information on patients’ end-of-life wishes with other team members; relaying patients’ wishes to the physician; and handling conflicts among patients, relatives, and healthcare professionals.

Conclusion: The results provide guidelines for the future development of novel, value-based, person-centered ACP practice for multidisciplinary healthcare professionals.

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Problem: To determine the effects of cooperative and competitive situations upon the consensus and change of opinions in a group.
Subjects: 14 experimental groups were established; each group was composed of ten female college students. Seven group were assigned to cooperative situation, others to competitive situation.
Procedure: The students individually rated six personality traits of professors in the order of their desirability for the college education of women. Members of each group were then asked to discuss and evaluate those personality traits and to make final group decision as regards to desirable traits. Before discussion, the members of the cooperative group were told that the group would be rated in the relative goodnesss of the discussion techniques of the group in comparison with those of the other group. The members of the competitive group were told that their discussion techniques in comparison with the other members of this group. After discussion the students as individuals were again asked to rate the six personality traits of ors.
Result: The amount of agreement of opinions before discussion was almost the same in both groups.
The amount of agreement after discussion in the cooperative groups was significantly larger than that in the competitive groups. The members of the cooperative groups changed their opinion more toward the group decision after discussion than those of the competitive groups.

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 Appropriate guidance from occupational therapists is essential to support older adults in the community in using assistive products and home modification. This study aimed to investigate the expected role of occupational therapists in the community from the perspective of care managers. Cross-sectional surveys with structured and open-ended questions were em- ployed to collect data from care managers working in In-Home Long-Term Care Support. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyze the data. The survey was completed at a response rate of 68%. The results showed that the care managers perceived that occupational therapists successfully fulfilled their roles in environmental modification of the homes of older adults. An occupational therapist was also expected to provide psychological support. However, some care managers indicated that occupational therapists lacked sufficient communication and viewpoint based on life support by occupational therapists. Occupational therapists require adequate skills to assess users’need and lifestyle to fulfil their role in environment modification. It should be investigated as future research how the details of the context, such as the system, working conditions, and occupational therapists’experience influence on environmental modification.

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性役割は, 生物学的な性別に基づいて社会的文化的な要因で規定され、性役割に対する意識は個人のアイデンティティを中心とした心理社会的あり方を規定していく。したがって, 役割の混乱, 破綻あるいは喪失はアイデンティティ危機となり, 心身症を引き起こすようなストレスとなる。中年期は, 心理社会的意味で生活領域との関わりが大きく変動し, アイデンティティそのものが揺れ動き, 性役割意識も混乱し破綻をきたすことが少なくない。性役割意識の混乱や破綻がストレスとなって心身症を発症した中年期のケースを呈示し, 中年期に遭遇する身体的心理的社会的要因とBemの性役割スケールを参考に, 伝統的性役割意識が与える影響を検討した。

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アメリカにおける細胞診断教育 (Cytotechnology Education) は, 従来の形態を中心としていた細胞検査士 (Cytotechnologist) 養成から, 新技術に基づく細胞科学者 (Cell Scientist) 養成への転換期を迎えている.
細胞診断教育の将来を予測するには, はじめに現状の教育を考えることが必要である. 現在, 46の教育プログラム (EP) が稼働している. 教育期間は11～24ヵ月, 教育機関は大学および病院検査室が半ばしている. 18のEPは学士が入学条件で, 2つのEPは卒業で修士称号を授与している. 授業料は無料から年2万ドル以上と幅がある. なお, 卒業後の年収は, 4万～6万ドルである. 年間の卒業生数は, 02年が250人で, 細胞検査士の充足度は十分でない.
EPの信頼性を保証するために, すべてのEPはAme. Soc. ofCytopathologyとCAAHEPで標準を満たしているかの検討がなされる. この認証を得ることは, 授業料の補助から就職に関係するので, 大切なことである. EPは年次報告を行わなければならないが, 国家資格試験の合否や就職状況まで含んでいる.
最近の教育傾向は, 従来の内容に加えてDNA診断やフローなどの新技術を教えている. Jefferson大学では学生に組織診断も教育している.
細胞検査所は, 公の資格取得者を雇うようにしており, アメリカ政府も検査所で業務を行う者は認定された学校の卒業生が条件と規定している. 検査所運営にあたり, 検査所および細胞検査士についての規制がある. 細胞検査士は婦人科の陰性症例を報告できるが, 反応性の細胞変化以上は病理医の判断を仰ぐとしている. 1日100枚以上の検鏡を禁じ, さらに検鏡時間とその数の記録を義務づけている. 非婦人科症例は, 全例病理医の判断を求めている.
スクリーナーの仕事から始めて, 経験を積むに従い能力や興味により管理, 研究や営業を主体に行う者もいる. 検査所を開設したり細胞診の教育を専門とする者もいる.
次に将来像について述べる. 当然, 時代の要請と技術革新で細胞検査士の在り方が変化しなければならない. 検査所によっては, 細胞検査士にスクリーニングでの効率と経済面での貢献のみを求めるが, 一般に, 現在の現場ではより幅広い分野での教育が望まれている. 教育機関としては, その要望に応えようとして分子生物学や細胞診自動化等を含めてさまざまな取り組みを実践している.
Ame. Soc. of Cytopathology's Education Task Force (2001) は, 細胞検査士が取得すべき事項の再評価を実施した. 細胞検査所の役割の設定や細胞教育者養成戦略の展開などの目標を定めた. この目標を達成するためには, 遠隔での教育, バーチャル顕微鏡, 免疫組織化学や分子生物学的診断等の教育を取り入れなければならない.
現実問題として, 細胞や組織の形態学診断は必要事項であるが, 一方で新技術についても徐々に取り上げていく方向が必要である. この新技術の習得を通して, 真の細胞科学者になるし, また, そのような状態になれば細胞検査士もさらに充実した職種に変わっていける. 新しい細胞科学者像の完成は, 教育施設のみでは行いがたく, 資格認定試験やEPの再考等で行わなければならない.
細胞診業務は, 経済面, 法的面や各種の規制等に影響を受ける. 短期的には形態診断の必要性を認めるが, 長期的には新技術が一般化することが予想できるので, 教育の場に取り入れなくてはならないことに疑問の余地はない.

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Patients' socioeconomic and psychosocial statuses, such as poverty and isolation, can affect their health and treatment adherence. However, few standard procedures for addressing these social risks in clinical settings are available. "Social prescribing" posits that linking patients with social risks to necessary community social resources. In this study, we review the currently available global evidence on social prescribing activities and their effectiveness, and discuss the opportunities and challenges in the implementation of similar schemes in Japanese health care systems. Our review revealed that social prescribing had become popular in the United Kingdom. The Social Prescribing Network in the UK defines social prescribing as "enabling healthcare

­sionals to refer patients to a link worker, to co-design a non-clinical social prescription to improve their health and wellbeing." Empirical evidence suggests that social prescribing might be effective in improving patients' mental health status and reducing medical expenditure and unnecessary emergency department visits. Similar activities have also been reported in Japan. Potential challenges in implementing "social prescribing" schemes in Japan include establishing standardized screening tools for patients' social risks, incentivizing systems for clinical practitioners for their social prescribing activities, and cultivating human resources that work as "link workers" who connect patients from healthcare facilities to formal and informal services/organizations in the community, as well as strengthening community governance in patient-centered integrated care systems. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of social prescribing activities as well as efforts to raise awareness and knowledge among clinical practitioners on the importance of evaluating and addressing the social determinants of health in clinical settings.

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