ルテニウムカルボニルと活性炭，イオウあるいはセレン粉末をイソ-プロパノール中で150℃10時間反応させ，得られた生成物をアルゴン気流中で2時間焼成する一段階ソルボサーマル反応により，大きな比表面性を有するRu/C，RuS/Cと/Cの電極触媒を合成した。これらの触媒特性を，27℃の0.1M HClO4水溶液中で回転リング・ ディスク電極を用いて測定し，Pt/Cの特性と比較した。Pt/Cが最も優れた特性を示したが，/Cが他のRu/CやRuS/Cよりも優れた特性を有することがわかった。

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Applications of high-power laser diodes in the telecommunications and printing areas are reviewed . Specifically, the following lasers are reviewed: 980 nm laser diodes for EDFAs, Raman Fiber Lasers for Raman amplifiers, 830 nm fiber coupled multi-mode laser diodes for external drum printing, and Fiber Lasers for internal drum printing applications.

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本稿では，参照文を用いた文単位での機械翻訳自動評価手法について述べる．現在のデファクトスタンダードである BLEU をはじめとして，多くの従来手法は文字や単語の N-gram に基づく素性に頼っており，文単位での評価にとっては限定的な情報しか扱えていない．そこで本研究では，文全体の大域的な情報を考慮するために，事前学習された文の分散表現を用いる機械翻訳自動評価手法を提案する．提案手法では，大規模コーパスによって事前学習された文の符号化器を用いて，翻訳文と参照文の分散表現を得る．そして，翻訳文と参照文の分散表現を入力とする回帰モデルによって，人手でラベル付けされた翻訳品質を推定する．WMT-2017 Metrics Shared Task における翻訳品質のラベル付きデータセットを用いた実験の結果，我々の提案手法は文単位の全ての to-English 言語対において最高性能を達成した．

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ミゾゴイGorsachius goisagi の雛は，親鳥が給餌のため巣の近くに戻ると，翼角を頭の高さに上げ，翼を開いて小刻みに動かし餌をねだった（図1）。翼角の部分が頭のように見え，開いた翼がもう1羽の雛がいるかのようであった。左右を交互に開く場合と，両翼を開く場合があり，1羽の雛が2羽ないし3羽いるように見えた。また，この動作とともに「グウァー グウァー」と激しい声を発した。親鳥は，この行動をとる雛に優先的に給餌を行う傾向があった。この行動は，給餌を受ける際に必ずしも行われるものではなかったが，雛が空腹時に親鳥の関心を引きながら給餌を優先的に受ける効果と，親鳥の採餌活動を活発にする効果があるのではないかと考えられる。なお，この行動は3ヵ所の営巣場所で確認され，29日齢（巣立ちまでは37日間）から巣立ち5日後の巣外給餌でも確認された。

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The principal object if this paper is to study on the deviation of geodesies in a Riemannian space, especially in a Riemannian space of constant curvature, using the properties of the fundamental scalar. Mr. J. L Synge has studied on the deviation of geodesics in such a space, and obtained some res- ults coneerning this subject. But When we utilise the fundanental scalar in.a Riemannian space introdluced by Mr. II. S. , we can state more precisely the results obtained by Mr. J. L. Synge

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The use of national flags by ships is limited only to its nationals except when it is employed in time of war to escape capture by enemy vessels. It is expressly permited to foreigners by the British Shipping Act of 1894, Sec. 691 and the present Japanese Vessel Act, Article 22, Clause II. In spite of somewhat misleading interpretation by Japanese municipal lawyers to take caputure for arrest in time of peace, these stipulations have the same origin found to be traced back to the French Maritime Ordinance of 1650 which prescribed for French captains not to hoist other banners than France's while waging war. In the days of this ordinance French marines were too weak to engage war on the sea. Besides the exceptional and rare ships which the Admiral fitted out at his own expense, available were only privateers armed by private persons. Their greed for gains forced themselves to neglect sufficiency of armament during wars and exposed the flag of France to insult very often. Harsh pillage was committed even after truce to the detriment of the honour of the king of France and his allies. This state of affairs led to the above mentioned ordinance to bring order to naval wars. But approximately after 1681 ordinance of France it had been almost always permited for the privateers to keep aboard any flags which they judged as proper and to use them when driven by necessity in order either to recognise better the ship they encountered or to escape the pursuit by enemy which they assumed stronger than themselves. What was prohibited was to attack under false flags or colours and mainly concerned privateers, for they were the first to disguise their nationality as a of war. War ships were, as it was expected, the last to hide their nationality to avoid battle with enemy war ship or to attract merchant ship apparantly fragile to resist. It is so natural for this of war to authorise victim of privateers to do the same thing. For a long time this custom could have been maintained without considerable trouble. So long as the speed of war ships was slow and their range was short, no fatal surprise could threaten. A suspicious ship could be observed long before it became dangerous. There was wide room for merchant ships to escape and enough time to make preparation for the combat. Even if a false flag enabled an enemy to approach and fire, the first attack could be rarely fatal. Modern weapon can fataly attack targets beyond visual range or even over the horison where it is impossible to confirm that the target is a legitime military object. The maintenance of this of flag greatly increase the danger to neutrals which Japan has much possibility to become in future armed conflicts. In 1915 the U.S.A. protested the British ship, the Lusitania, wearing American colours in the war area. Strongly worded protests were also presented to Britain from the Netherlands and the three Scandinavian states. Their common ground was that this old rule had become obsolete. It is difficult to see why the law of the sea should continue to tolerate method of deception originating from privateers'discretion of oppotunistic choice between assaulting the weak and retreating from the strong. We need not go so far as dealing all aspects of ruses of war concerning ships. What can be and what should be done is to deplete the exemption clause of the Article 22 of the Japanese Vessel Act to keep free hand in our diplomacy.

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Charpy impact test has been established as a convenient evaluation method for the toughness of steel materials. Since the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, even in the field of building structures, technical standards to prevent the brittle fracture of steel members have been introduced and the required value of the Charpy energy absorption has been standardized. However, the result of Charpy impact tests differ widely depending on the material properties. Therefore, it becomes important to clarify the correspondence between the difference of the result of Charpy tests and the ductility of real structures. In this investigation, using two materials which have different properties in terms of Charpy test, the full scale test on the structural behavior was carried out. Under the controlled temperature, the difference of the full scale test was minutely examined by comparing the difference of the Charpy energy transition curve of materials.

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Purpose: To characterize the effect of two processing techniques (pressing and CAD/CAM — Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Machining) of lithium-disilicate (LD) based crowns on the microstructure, topography, roughness, fractal dimension, internal and marginal adaptation.

Methods: One-hundred identical preparations for monolithic crowns were made with dentin analogue material (G10 epoxy resin). One of the preparations was scanned and a monolithic crown in lithiumdisilicate was planned in the CAD system. Fifty crowns were milled in a wax pattern and subjected to pressing (IPS e.max Press), while 50 crowns were machined at CAD/CAM (IPS e.max CAD) and posteriorly crystallized. Internal and marginal adaptation were assessed via replica technique at four manufacturing moments (Milled wax pattern; LD^PRESS; Milled LD^CAD; Crystallized LD^CAD) and considering 5 regions (margin, cervico-axial angle, axial wall, axial-occlusal angle and occlusal wall). Complementary analysis considering microstructure and topography, roughness and fractal dimension were performed in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

Results: The processing technique resulted in different ceramic microstructure, topography, roughness and fractal dimension, whereas CAD/CAM lead to smoother, more homogeneous but more complex topography features (higher fractal dimension) in comparison to the pressing technique (P < 0.05). Regarding marginal and internal fit, LD^PRESS crowns showed to be more adapted at the margin, while LD^CAD were more adapted at the occluso-axial angle; other regions were not statistically different (α = 0.05).

Conclusions: CAD/CAM and the pressing techniques for manufacturing LD crowns lead to completely different ceramic surface characteristics and affect crown adaptation at the margin and at occluso-axial angle.

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Fractographic analysis was performed on root-fractured tooth by analyzing three-dimensional structure constructed from SEM images. Human fractured tooth was observed using SEM and quantitatively analyzed using a newly introduced image analysis method, in which a cross-angle between surfaces could be determined using stereo pair of SEM images. The result showed that the angle between the lumen of the pulpa dentis and the fractured surface ranged from 100°-135° in the area where dentinal tubles were abundant while ca. 100° near the root of tooth where dentinal tubles were less observed. The angle between fractured surfaces was ca. 110°, which was independent on the position. This result indicates that there would be a significant correlation between the direction of crack path and the presence of dentinal tubles. The proposed method should be useful to evaluate failure analysis of tooth.

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The article will focus on qualities attributed to several female slaves involved in activities labeled criminal or transgressive as depicted in narrative chronicles of the Mamluk period (1250–1517 C.E.). Contemporary narrative authors often attributed a degree of impropriety—and enhanced offensiveness—to transgressions allegedly committed by women, in addition to the generalized concept of ‘social harm’ applicable to acts by either gender: crossing normative boundaries of ‘proper’ decorum specific to women (such as adoption of ‘immodest’ dress, overt self-assertion in the public sphere, or undisguised contradiction of decisions by males). The essay will consider whether narrative authors signaled their sense of violated gendered space through their terminological choices, selection of descriptive detail, or adoption of stylistic devices peculiar to these incidents. That they resorted to these indirect, covert, devices to signal aberrant behavior more often than explicitly denouncing it emerges as a noticeable trend to be considered. Implication rather than condemnation appeared as a more subtle, and possibly effective, means of highlighting departure from behavioral norms.

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This interactive novel Gabriel is an early work by the transvestite George Sand and was written in April 1839. The story tells the tragic life of the heroine who by a of her grandfather has been brought up as a man. She falls in love with her cousin, and later has an unhappy marriage, ending with her murder. There are not a few common points between the heroine and Sand. Gabriel has begun to be recognized recently as one of the works that best represents the author's thoughts on womanhood, although it had not received much attention in the past. This thesis examines the symbolism represented by the heroine's transvestism as well as Sand's thoughts reflected through descriptions of the heroine's clothes. The author shows how the heroine's transvestism serves as a device to denounce the subordination of women in marriage and the family system.

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Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effects of degradation on the strength of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin composite blocks (RCBs) by subjecting them to accelerated degradation in water and conducting biaxial flexural strength tests.

Methods Six commercial RCBs were tested. The RCBs were cut into disks, after which the disks were immersed in purified water. For the aging experiment, the samples were subjected to heat treatment at 37, 60, 70, and 80 °C, in a constant temperature oven and stored statically for 30 d. After the aging experiment, the elements released from the RCB fillers were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. In addition, the biaxial flexural strength of the RCB fillers was measured after accelerated degradation at 70 °C.

Results Si (the main component of the filler) was detected in all the RCB solutions after the aging experiment; however, the type and amount of other elements differed considerably among the RCBs. The flexural strength of some of the RCBs decreased by approximately 20–40% after the accelerated degradation. For most materials, the Weibull coefficient decreased or remained unchanged after the test, whereas it increased in some materials.

Conclusions The strength of all the RCBs decreased after the accelerated degradation tests; however, this behavior differed among the materials. In addition, the release of elements from the filler of some of the materials into the water correlated with the decrease in the strength of these materials. These findings indicate that the evaluation of the degradation behavior of RCBs in water is essential for their long-term usage.

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