[Purpose] Whole-body vibration (WBV) can induce responses in muscles. A number of studies have reported that the physiological mechanisms underlying this type of activity can be explained by reference to a stretch-induced . Thus, the primary objective of this study was to test whether the WBV-induced muscular (WBV-IMR) can be explained as a stretch-induced . [Subjects and Methods] The present study assessed 20 healthy males using surface electrodes placed on their right soleus muscle. The latency of the tendon (T-) as a stretch-induced was compared with the latency of the WBV-IMR. In addition, simulations were performed at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 Hz to determine the stretch frequency of the muscle during WBV. [Results] WBV-IMR latency (40.5 ± 0.8 ms; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 39.0–41.9 ms) was significantly longer than T- latency (34.6 ± 0.5 ms; 95% CI: 33.6–35.5 ms) and the mean difference was 6.2 ms (95% CI of the difference: 4.7–7.7 ms). The simulations performed in the present study demonstrated that the frequency of the stretch signal would be twice the frequency of the vibration. [Conclusion] These findings do not support the notion that WBV-IMR can be explained by reference to a stretch-induced .

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Im Jahre 1930 beobachtete Paul Blatt durch Untersuchung mittels des von Leopold Kwapil verbesserten Onkometers die Tatsache, dass bei Katzen und Kaninchen verschiedene mechanische oder elektrische Reizungen der einen Niere oder des einen Ureters die Veränderungen des Nierenvolumens nicht nur auf der gereizten Seite, sondern auch auf der nicht gereizten zur Folge batten. Er nannte diese den renorenalen oder ureteroureteralen . Ich untersuchte, statt der Onkometrie, durch direkte Messung der Nierendurchblutung den und dessen Einfluss auf die Harnmenge. Methodik und Ergebnis : Etwa 2, 5 Kilogramm schwere, gesunde männliche Kaninchen wurden vor dem Versuche 24 Stunden nüchtern gehalten und mit 0, 5 g Urethan pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht narkotisiert, da ich fürchtete, dass eine tiefere Narkose die zu untersuchenden Reflexe entweder bedeutend herabsetzte oder völlig erlosche. Dann wurden sie nach Barcroft-Brodie evisceriert und der linke Nierenvenendruck wurde mit einem Sphygmoskop, das aus, der linken Nierenvene durch einen Stromwiderstand ausfliessende Blut mit einer nach Miwa modifizierten Condonschen Stromuhr, und die Harnmenge mit einem Tropfenzahler registriert. Und bei alien Versuchen wurde die Niere oder der Ureter mittels des Porterschen Induktoriums verschieden lang und stark elektrisch gereizt. A. Beim natürlichen Zuständen überlassenen arteriellen Blutdruck. Hierbei wurde dem Tiere Homoioblut im mit einer Jugularvene verbundenen Blutreservoir in geeigneter Menge ersetzt, um die Senkung des Blutdruckes infolge der Verblutung möglichst vermeiden zu können. 1. Bei elektrischer Reizung der rechten Niere : Der Blutdruck stieg immer ab. Die Nierendurchblutung und die Triarnmenge nahmen aber bald zu, bald ab. Nach der Beendigung, der Reizung stellten sie sich alle allmahlich wieder her. 2. Bei elektrischer Reizung des rechten Ureters : Der Blutdruck sank die Nierendurchblutung und die Harnmenge verminderten sich meistens. Nach der Beseitigung des Reizes stellten sich die beiden allmählich wieder her. B. Beim konstant erhaltenen arteriellen Blutdruck : Der Blutdruck wurde mittels des Miwa-Ozaki schen Blutdruckkompensators reguliert. 1. Bei elektrischer Reizung der rechten Niere : Sowohl die Nierendurchblutung wie auch die Harnmenge vermehrte sich, und nach der Beseitigung des Reizes stellten sie sich allmählich wieder her. 2. Bei elektrischer Reizung des rechten Ureters Die Nierendurchblutung und die Harnmenge vermehrten sich. Diese Vermehrung war aber geringfügiger als bei Reizung der rechten Niere, und in einigen Fällen blieben sie sogar fast unverändert. Wie verhalten sich nun die Nierendurchblutung und die Harnmenge auf der gereizten Seite ? Bei elektrischer Reizung der linken Niere verminderten sich meistens die Nierendurchblutung und die Harnmenge in derselben Niere. In alien obigen Versuchen hatte die Stärke der Veränderung der Nierendutchblutung und der Harnmenge mit der Stärke und der Dauer der elektrischen Reizung keinen ursächlichen Zusammenhang. Schluss : 1. Die elektrische Reizung der einen Niere und des einen Ureters vermehrt die Durchblutung und die Harnmenge in der anderen Niere. 2. Die Stärke und die Dauer der elektrischen Reizung bestimmen die Stärke der Veränderung der Nierendurchblutung und der Harnmenge nicht. [Vgl. Original (japanisch) S. 475.]

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The heat loss responses (sweating and skin blood flow responses) during exercise are very important for maintaining internal temperature. This study focuses on the characteristics of heat loss responses during exercise from a viewpoint of investigating non-thermal factors. In the mild hyperthermic condition, short-term dynamic exercise induces to show an intensity-dependent increase in sweating rate and decrease cutaneous vascular conductance (skin blood flow) without changes in thermal factors. These responses are caused by mainly non-thermal factors include central command, peripheral mechanisms activating the mechanosensitive and metabosensitive receptors in exercising muscle, baroreflex, mental stress, and so on. In case of activating mostly central command and metaboreflex from exercising muscle, these factors affect the heat loss responses during exercise by facilitating the sweating response, and inhibiting heat loss by altering cutaneous vascular conductance. On the other hand, an activation of mechanoreflex from exercising muscle only seems to influence the increase in the sweating response but not cutaneous vascular conductance. On the bases of these results, non-thermal factors associated mainly with central command, peripheral mechanisms activating the mechanosensitive and metabosensitive receptors in exercising muscle enhances the sweating response which may compensate the inhibition of heat loss by the altered skin blood flow which might play a role in maintenance of cardiovascular system during exercise. [J Physiol Sci. 2007;57 Suppl:S52]

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the measurement posture and stimulation intensity on the nociceptive flexion

(RIII ). [Subjects and Methods] Thirty normal female adult subjects were selected for this study. Their RIII reflexes were measured in three positions and with three degrees of stimulation intensity. The measurement posture was randomly selected. The analysis items were the stimulation intensity of the induced RIII , the amplitude of the RIII , and the numeric rating scale (NRS). [Results] The study results showed statistically significant differences in the interaction effects between the measurement posture and the stimulation intensity. The NRS showed no statistically significant differences in the interaction effects but showed statistically significant differences in the main effect. The amplitude of the RIII showed no statistically significant differences in the interaction effects and showed statistically significant differences only in the stimulation intensity. [Conclusion] The study results suggest that the RIII may be influenced by the measurement posture and stimulation intensity.

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The variation of the type of peripheral vasomotor was observed by plethysmograph after deep breathing and exposure to the wind at Mt. Norikura. The plethysmograms obtained were divided into four types, and those were daily observed, taking up the variation by the combination of those types as a mark of stereotype. The values of variation were remarkably large in the early period of mountain residence, at the station of 2,720 meters above the sea level on Mt. Norikura.
Blood pres s ure was higher on the mountain than on the level ground, and the difference between the maximum and the minimum blood pressure was considerably large in the early period of residence. When the variation of excreted volume of 17-Ketosteroid was large, that of stereotype was large, and when the former was small, the latter was small too. In other words, the large excreted volume of 17-Kethosteroid showed the large variation of stereotype.
Blood pressure was more influenced by mete o rological conditions on the mountain than on the level ground.

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Although a number of studies have been made on the respiratory from the pressoreceptor, no one has ever proved the existence of the from the renal vessels.
In 1953 Page denied the existence of such on the basis of his experiments on dogs.
Thirty three dogs were used for this experiment: Under anesthesia with Ravonal, I have inserted cannula into the renal artery and renal vein and raised the pressure in the renal vessels up to 150-200 mmHg in order to observe influences on respiratory system. I have also conducted the same experiments after cutting in turn the nerves of carotid sinus, the vagus, the splanchnic nerves and all the nerves around the kidney.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. The of respiratory inhibition and the paradoxical respiratory were observed by giving pressure to renal vessels.
2. The pattern of the is markedly similar to the respiratory of carotid sinus pressoreceptor. However, the degree of is lower.
3. The is antagonistic to the respiratory of the carotid sinus pressoreceptor.
4. The centripetal nerves related to the are mostly the nerves included in the abdominal vagus and the splanchnic nerves.

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The spinal and supraspinal components of both A- and C- reflexes were studied in the somato-ovarian sympathetic discharges elicited by a single shock either to a spinal (T9-11) afferent nerve or to a limb (tibial) afferent nerve in urethane anesthetized rats. In central nervous system (CNS) intact rats, a single shock to a T9-11 spinal afferent nerve produced early and late A- discharges with latencies of about 51 ms and 117 ms, respectively, and a C- with a latency of about 200 ms in a ovarian sympathetic efferent nerve. After spinalization at the third thoracic level, stimulation of the same spinal afferent nerve produced an A- with the same latency as the early A- in CNS-intact rats and a C- discharge with a latency of about 112 ms. On the other hand, a single shock to a tibial afferent nerve evoked an A- discharge with latency of about 91 ms, and a C- discharge with a latency of about 228 ms in CNS-intact rats. In most cases, the A- could be divided into two subcomponents of different latencies. These A- and C- discharges elicited by stimulation of a tibial afferent nerve were not observed after spinalization. It was concluded that ovarian sympathetic A- and C- discharges evoked by stimulation of a segmental spinal afferent nerve in CNS-intact rats are of spinal and supraspinal origin, and those evoked by tibial nerve stimulation are of supraspinal origin. [J Physiol Sci. 2006;56 Suppl:S95]

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The aim of the present study was (1) to investigate how the tongue is modulated during wakefulness and sleep and (2) to examine if modulation of the tongue activities during active sleep is related with respiratory phases or rapid eye movements in the freely moving rabbit. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of tongue muscle was recorded in the genioglossus (tongue-protruder, GG) muscle, and the GG was evoked by electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve. The current intensity of stimulus was set at 1.5 times threshold to evoke the to evaluate the modulatory mode of GG . Peak to peak amplitude of EMGs in the was compared among wakefulness and sleep stages.GG activity showed a wide variation, some had respiratory-related activity and others did not. However, in all animals, the was suppressed during sleep, and the inhibition was significantly stronger during active sleep than that during quiet sleep. In some cases, the was completely suppressed during active sleep. Furthermore, during this sleep stage, the amplitude during inspiratory phase was larger than that during expiratory phase. On the other hand, the rapid eye movements during active sleep were not related to the changes in the activity during active sleep. Not only basic but also clinical studies have paid attention to loss of tone in upper airway muscles including tongue muscles during sleep. The neuronal mechanisms controlling tongue muscle activity in sleep were discussed. [Jpn J Physiol 54 Suppl:S178 (2004)]

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The changes in the R-R interval and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in response to Aschner and Czermak-Hering were investigated in 14 healthy male subjects. The bradycardic effect of those reflexes was confirmed, and a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the Aschner method induced greater bradycardia effect compared with the Czermak-Hering method. Aschner may, however, exert dangerously strong bradycardia effect depending on a patient, and Czermak-Hering is therefore suitable for risk management by a physical therapist. Czermak-Hering was demonstrated to have a depressor effect occasionally carrying risk to the patients with disorders of active stimulus generation, especially with atrial fibrillation. It was therefore suggested that Czermak-Hering should only be used with caution for the patients with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.

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A piezo-plethysmograph [1] with calibrating mechanism was devised. With cold stimulus on the palm of a hand, strong vasomotor was observed corresponding to the difference between the skin temperature and the temperature of stimulus. When the process of giving light stimulus 30 seconds before a cold one was repeated 29 times, vasomotor was caused by light stimulus alone.
Visible rays as well as infra-red rays exerted influence on vasomotor .
The wind had some more effect on vasomotor other than physical cooling effect, and a strong was recognized with the wind blowing notwithstanding an over-coat and a scarf worn.
The ceased soon after the wind blew out. The width of landscape had a strong effect on vasomotor . The velocity of the change of volume in the finger was expressed as an index of vasomotor .

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It is generally accepted that so called reversed in ipsilateral acoustic stimulation is not rarely observed in patient with severe sensori-neural hearing loss, facial nerve paralysis and ossicular chian discontinuity. Thus, the reversed seemed to be different from physiological one. In order to reveal the origin of the reversed , experiments were carried out in ear model and in cat with two. impedance meters (Amplaid 702). The following results were obtained: 1) In the ear model reversed was consistently obtained. 2) The reversed was not artifact due to some mechanical defect of built-in filter of the impedance meter. 3) Contraction of the tensor tympani muscle had no effect upon the reversed . 4) An extremely mobile eardrum was essential for elicitation of the reversed . Based on the results origin of the reversed was discussed.

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The purpose of this article is to review briefly current concepts of pathophysiology of this syndrome, and to describe the status of autonomic nerve systems.
Six cases in this series were analysed with regard to their thermography, histamine flare test, angiography, sudomotor test and the tissue clearance by ¹³¹NaI.

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The Hanger

is a phenomenon in which the head rotates unintentionally when force is applied via a wire hanger placed on the head. It has been confirmed that this phenomenon is caused by pressure, and the direction of the Hanger contributes to the direction of skin deformation. In addition to the head, similar phenomena have been found in the wrist, waist, and ankle. Until now, we aimed for walking navigation without interpretation of navigation information using the Hanger , investigated the influence on the head-type, waist-type, and ankle-type Hanger on walking, it was confirmed that the waist-type Hanger most efficiently affects walking. However, assuming a scene to actually use as walking navigation, the current waist-type Hanger device is difficult to say that it is easy to use because the user oneself needs to shift the device. Moreover, in addition to scenes without interpretation of navigation information, it can be assumed that scenes with interpretation of navigation information, such as "Follow" or "Resist". In this paper, in order to use the waist-type Hanger for actual walking navigation, developed a controlled device of the waist-type Hanger using four pneumatic actuators, and investigated the effect of the waist-type Hanger on walking caused by difference in interpretation of navigation information. As a result, we confirmed that the developed waist-type Hanger device can control the walking path and body direction, depend on user's interpretation difference.

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1. Electrical response of vago-vagal was studied by stimulating the cervical vagus nerve of the right side and recording from the cervical vagus nerve of the left side.
2. The electrical response of vago-vagal can be grossely divided into three groups: constant 5-10 msec, latency response, labile 20-30 msec, and 60-90 msec. latency responses.
3. These responses are abolished by myanesin.
4. Strychnine augments this response and evokes the spontaneous burst-like discharge in higher doses.
5. The responsible afferent fibers of response are probably the B and delta fibers.
6. Systemic cooling evokes the remarkable augmentation of vago-vagal response.
7. Mechanism of “Irritation syndrome” is discussed in connection with these observations.

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contraction of the stapedius muscle elicited by unilateral electrical stimulation by using Hilger facial nerve stimulator of the external auditory meatus, was studied in persons of normal hearing and patients with various types of hearing impairment. The of the stapedius muscle was observed by impedance meter (Madsen ZO 70), and it was recorded quantitatively by continuous tracing on a level recorder.
In normal ears, the threshold of electrocutaneous stapedius (average 1-mA) and uncomfortable level of electrocutaneous stimulation (average 5mA) were measured respectively. Even in severe perceptive hearing loss with no acoustic stapedius , the electrocutaneous was obtained.
In otosclerosis verified by operation, an electrocutaneous was not obtained.
And the electrocutaneous stimulation caused no impedance change in patients with unilateral peripheral facial palsy in whom paralysis of the stapedius muscle ascertained by means of acoustic stimulation.
Thus it could be concluded that the impedance change is caused by contraction of the stapedius muscle elicited by electrocutaneous stimulation in the external auditory canal. This investigation indicated that stapedius was elicited by the non-acoustic stimulation in humans.

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It is known that in the wrist flexors (the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and ulnaris (FCU) muscles) the afferent inputs from one muscle project to not only the motoneurons innervating the muscle itself, but also to the motoneurons of its synergist. Consequently, such spinal connections should cause some interaction between the responses of the two synergists. However, it is not clear yet how the central nervous system controls the activity of these synergists. The present study shows that the responses (the amount of EMG activity in each muscle) of wrist synergistic muscles were modulated by the radio-ulnar joint angle, which allows a change of the lengths of FCR and FCU muscles while keeping the wrist joint at a constant angle. This result means that the response of the wrist stretch is produced by using the synergists as the muscle length demands, even when a similar flexion is apparently induced by stretch stimulus from a constant wrist angle. In addition, in both the short and long latency reflexes, two factorial ANOVA revealed significant interaction between muscles (FCR and FCU) and radio-ulnar joint angles. Thus, the supra-spinal system for processing long latency seems to mediate the responses of wrist synergists in a similar fashion to that of the spinal system. [J Physiol Sci. 2008;58 Suppl:S194]

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