As one important means of controlling the masses in ancient Japan, the institution of the disaster relief, or , involved the dispatch of envoys (-shi賑給使) from the central government to the provinces. In the present article, the author examines the rationale of rule through such measures by the ritsuryo regime through clarifying substantively the activities of these envoys. , literally the provision of grain to the people free of obligation, was carried out under a number of circumstances. The practice existed in China from early on under the ideals of Confucianism, and because the circumstances under which it was adopted in Japan along with the ritsuryo codes, researchers have tended to consider the existence of related envoys as ceremonial in nature. However, of the activities carried on in ancient Japan, those stipulated under the Code of Households (koryo戸令) have no relationship to Confucian ideology ; rather, the term "" was borrowed and introduced as a state-instituted system for supporting the reproduction of the masses. The dispatch of envoys under Code of Households stipulations originated under the Taiho Ritsuryo Codes based on requests for relief from the provinces. As local administrative mechanisms evolved and changed during the ritsuryo regime, envoys were frequently dispatched for the purpose of maintaining law and order. However, in the process of the appointment of provincial governors during the ninth century, the dispatch of envoys as representatives of the central government became repetitive and thus unneceassary ; and during the late years of the Jogan 貞観 era, the practice of and the dispatch of related envoys disappeared from the provinces. After the decline of provincial , the practice became a part yearly events limited to the vicinity of Heiankyo : and it was envoys who played the most important role in such events. The ritsuryo state, which could no longer exercise control over the provinces through the institution of , attempted to continue its control over the Heiankyo by maintaining yearly events and the -shi, who no longer acted as envoys, became mere symbols of the state's control over the people.

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To determine the foraging sites of wild boar (Sus scrofa), we conducted a rooting-track census between 2010 and 2011 in hilly ( District) and mountainous regions (Himuro District) of Sano, Tochigi Prefecture. We also collected and analyzed boar feces during the study period. The number of rooting tracks was found to be significantly higher in abandoned fields than in other land-cover types in autumn and winter in and throughout the study period in Himuro. In addition, fibers (including undigested residues of roots, stems, and leaves) and monocots were frequently found in feces sampled throughout the period in both areas. These findings indicated that wild boar foraged at abandoned fields, where graminoid plants were predominant. In both regions, the number of rooting tracks was higher in bamboo forests in spring and summer, and shoots of bamboo were frequently found in feces sampled in spring. This may be associated with seasonal changes in food availability (i.e., growth of bamboo shoots). The number of rooting tracks was lower in coniferous forests in both regions and in human settlements in . The results of the present study indicated that the selection of foraging sites by wild boar was mainly associated with food availability and sometimes affected by the intensity of human activities.

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One of the author name, Katayama, of this article was incorrect. The correct name is Takaharu Katayama.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the features of the theory of Noh proposed by its founder, Zeami, from the view point of the semantics of dance. The semantics of dance which is rather a working hypothesis at present, is designed to move toward the construction of general theory of dance. First of all, Zeami's view of the succession and development of the art of Noh is discussed. Zeami claims that the fundamental conditions for the succession and development of the Noh are to continue hard exercises, to master the techniques of performing, and to compose Noh play. Zeami sets nine stages of practice for Noh. Secondly, The Nikyoku-Santai-ron, which is the discipline of exercises or practice of Noh, compared with Laban's theory of "Effort". It is suggested in this study that these two disciplines have some similarities. Thirdly, by using the results in the field of semiotics and psychology, the Mokuzen--setsu, which is the performer's preparation for the performance of Noh, is discussed. Mead's theory of "self" is applied to the analysis of this theory. Zeami's disciplines of Gaken, Riken, and Riken-no-Ken, which are stated in the same line of the Mokuzen--setsu, seem to be in correlation to the "I", "me", and "self" in the Mead's theory. Zeami argues the importance of the spectator or decoder in the process of performing Noh, by which his theory of Noh is charactrized. By using the above results, the working hypothesis concerning the process of performing dance is revised and enlarged.

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The Photopolymer Science and Technology Award No.132100, the Best Paper Award 2013, was presented to Ueno[a,b], Aiko Ono[a,b], Ryo Kobayashi[a,b], Yoko Tanaka[a,b], Shusuke Sato[a,b], Manish Biyani[a,b], Naoto Nemoto[b,c], and Takanori Ichiki[a,b] ([a]The University of Tokyo, [b]JST-CREST, [c]Saitama University), for their outstanding contribution published in the Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology, 25, (2012) 67-72, entitled “Photoassisted recovery of DNA molecules for on-chip directed evolution”.

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The goal of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of using the Standard Marine Communication Phrases offered by the International Maritime Organization (IMO SMCP) in the context of Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) in Japan. To this end, the grammatical rules and vocabulary items used in the SMCP were analyzed to see if these rules, when applied to the SMCP vocabulary, can generate phrases necessary to provide Vessel Traffic Services in Japan referring to the 234 VTS English phrases offered by the Japan Coast Guard and TST Cooperation (Toyo Tsushinsha). The results indicated that most of these English sentences can be generated by applying a limited set of grammatical rules and function words contained in the SMCP, but that it was necessary to introduce additional vocabulary items.

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計画と現実のはざまにて―南スーダンにおける開発実践の現場から―

徳岡　泰輔

　

水害とその復興過程からフィリピン社会を考える

福田　晋吾

　

コトヌーのバイクタクシー―ベナンの市民の大切な足―

山瀬　靖弘

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New therapeutic strategies are explored for patients suffering from cerebral infarct. Gene therapy is one of the hopeful strategies and we have studied ex vivo gene therapy for stroke using animal models of cerebral infarct over a decade. In this review, we describe encapsulated cell transplantation using neurotrophic factor-producing cells and neurotrophic factor-producing neural stem/progenitor cells for cerebral infarct model of animals. Furthermore, the perspectives of gene therapy for cerebral infarct are reviewed.

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Towada volcano is an active volcano located at the northern part of the Northeast Japan arc. I carried out AMS radiocarbon dating of two soil samples taken from directly below the tephra layers derived from the eruptive episodes E and G at Towada volcano. The obtained ¹⁴C ages were 8110±30BP (PLD-8913) for the eruptive episode E (Nambu Pumice) and 9970±35BP (PLD-8914) for the eruptive episode G ( Pumice). On the basis of the calibrated ¹⁴C ages and the stratigraphic relations, the most suitable ages of eruptive episodes E, F, G and Ninokura Scoria were estimated to be approximately 9.2, 10.2, 11 and 11.7-15.5cal kyr BP, respectively. These results enabled more detailed and reliable chronology of eruptive history during the post-caldera stage of Towada volcano.

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In Korea, pear juice has been used for tenderization of meat since early times, suggesting the presence of proteases. The objective of this research was to identify the protease in the pears and to investigate the possibility as a new tenderizer of meat. Crude pear proteases were prepared from Korean pear (). The proteolytic activity was measured by using N-α-benzyloxy carbonyl-L-lysine-nitrophenyl ester (CBZ-Lys-ONp) as substrate. The optimum activities of this protease were found at around pH 7.0 and 37°C. When porcine actomyosin was treated with this pear protease at 25°C and pH 7.0, myosin heavy chain was progressively degraded during the reaction. On the other hand, actin was degraded slightly under the same condition. Other myofibrillar proteins were also degraded by this protease. The present study suggested that Korean pears contained protease which may be useful as a meat tenderizer.

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In order to obtain an active ozone beam and make full use of ozone oxidation ability, we used laser ablation method. High concentration ozone from an ozone jet generator was solidified on a sapphire substrate and then pulsed KrF laser was irradiated to the solid ozone. Ablated species and their velocity distribution have been investigated using time-of-flight method through a quadrupole mass filter.
Ablated species were mainly a mixture of ozone, molecular oxygen and atomic oxygen. As for their velocity distribution, ozone showed a thermal equilibrium, while molecular oxygen showed many slower components. Ablated ozone yields were strongly dependent on laser power and showed a maximal. The ratio of ozone against molecular oxygen in the mixture increased as the substrate temperature became higher, probably because of increase in the purity of the solid ozone on the substrate. Ozone velocity varied from 1500 K to 2500 K depending on the laser power and the substrate temperature, which means that we can supply an ozone beam that has controlled purity and velocity.

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The aim of cell transplantation is to replace damaged area. But transplanted neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) didn't treat lesion core. We transplanted adult NSPCs modified to secrete GDNF in order to make transplanted NSPCs replace ischemic area more effectively.
NSPCs were harvested from subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult rats and cultured with EGF by using neurosphere technique. Expanded NSPCs were transfected with fiber-mutant F/RGD adenovirus containing GDNF (NSPC-GDNF) or EGFP (NSPC-EGFP) gene. The best transfection efficiency was derived from GDNF ELISA. At first, NSPC-GDNF or NSPC-EGFP cells were transplanted into the ischemic boundary zone of MCAO model of Wistar rats in the acute stage (allogenic transplantation). NSPC-GDNF group had a significantly better result in behavioral test and infarction volume than NSPC-EGFP group. Subsequently, NSPC-GDNF or NSPC-EGFP cells were transplanted into the damaged CAI of global ischemia model of Fischer344 rats in the chronic stage (syngenic transplantation). NSPC-GDNF cells migrated and differentiated into neuron as replacing the damaged CAI of hippocampus partially. Moreover, NSPC-GDNF group had shown the activation of neurogenesis of endogenous NSPCs.
Consequently, we confirm NSPC-GDNF have neuroprotective effect and can replace damaged area. We think this result suggests that NSPC-GDNF cells can bring a good result in autologous-transplantation.

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In recent years, railway companies have been introducing energy-saving technologies. This is leading to a growing need for methods able to accurately estimate the energy-saving effect of individual technologies. To this end, RTRI and JR West have been developing a method to estimate energy consumption during train operation using the Train Operation Power Simulator which reproduces commercial operating conditions. Because of the dispersion of energy consumption in commercial operations, it is important to be able to faithfully reproduce commercial operations. Therefore, we have developed a method to reproduce commercial operation utilizing commercial running data obtained from a Train Data Collection Device. Moreover, we have achieved a practical calculation time to estimate the energy-saving effect.

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A mathematical model of Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) that has a great economic impact in goat farming Transmission path of CAE virus is mainly by vertical transmission through breast milk. Droplet infection and sexual infection is known as other transmission path. From these facts, mathematical model of CAE was created based on the model of spread of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the human case. The model is analyzed to determine the stability.

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