従来、IABPの適応はLOS, ショックに陥いった事後に施行されてきた。より積掩的にはLOS, ショックに陥いる前段階に予防的あるいは計画的に施行される様になった。我々は、さらに、181例の心疾患の手術に先きだち、19Gエラスター針を経皮的に大腿動脈に刺入し、外套のみを皮膚に固定しておく。IABPの挿入が必要となった31例に対し、30例が成功し、その有用性について述べる。

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the center of mass during sit-to-

and -to-sit activities in the timed up and go test between healthy subjects and patients with stroke. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty healthy participants and thirty patients with stroke volunteered for this study. Acceleration of the center of mass was measured using a wireless tri-axial accelerometer during sit-to- and -to-sit activities in the timed up and go test. Accelerometer data were analyzed using BTS G-studio software. [Results] The phase duration was significantly longer and the anterior-posterior, mediolateral, and vertical acceleration ranges were significantly lower during sit-to- for patients with stroke than for healthy controls. Further, phase duration and the mediolateral acceleration range during -to-sit differed significantly between healthy controls and subjects with stroke. [Conclusions] During training for the sit-to- activity, the focus should be all three balance dimensions, but during training for the -to-sit activity, the focus should be on improving mediolateral balance and asymmetrical foot positioning should be recommended.

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  1.照葉樹林の太平洋側北限域に位置する近接した宮城県椿島と八景島において,北限域のタブノキ純林と混交林の林分構造と更新様式を比較検討した.
  2.タブノキ純林の椿島では,タブノキの胸高断面積合計による相対優占度が約9割を占めていた.樹高分布は上層をタブノキ,下層をヤブツバキが占める2層構造を示した.タブノキ幼樹(樹高1.3m以上胸高直径5cm未満)は1 haあたり662本存在したが,その85%は萌芽由来であった.
  3.八景島はタブノキ,ユズリハ,モチノキが胸高断面積合計で3 : 1 : 1の割合で混交している林分であった.明瞭な階層構造を持たず,連続的な樹高分布を示した.1 haあたり1055本のタブノキ幼樹が存在し,そのほとんどが実生由来であった.
  4.両林分の林冠ギャップ率には大きな違いが見られなかったが,光環境には有意な差が見られ,タブノキ純林よりも混交林の方が良好であった.この光環境の違いは階層構造の違いによると推察され,混交林では複雑な階層構造がタブノキの良好な実生更新を促していると考えられる.

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The effect of operating methods of wind turbine-generator system on net power extraction under wind speed fluctuations is discussed in relation to the dynamic behavior of the system. The system is composed of a Darrieus-Savonius hybrid wind turbine and a load generator. In this paper, two types of operating method are examined; constant tip speed ratio operation for -alone power systems(Scheme 1)and synchronous operation for utility power systems(Scheme 2). The computed results of the net extracting power using our dynamic simulation model show that the dominant factor of power extraction in Scheme 1 is the dynamic characteristics of rotational components and that it is important to select the appropriate rated wind speed in Scheme 2. Thus, it is concluded that a conformable operating method and rated power output of the system exist for each wind condition. In particular, small-scale systems, which are smaller than approximately 10 kW-system range, are desirable to be operated under a constant tip speed ratio as -alone power systems.

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An experiment was performed to simulate a water cooling panel system for passive decay heat removal from, a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, comprised of a pressure vessel topped by a complex three-dimensional structure of pipes, to investigate the performance of decay heat removal and the temperature distributions of system components. The experimental apparatus consists of a pressure vessel of 1 m in diameter and 3 m in height, bristling with nineteen pipes atop and containing internal heaters with a maximum heating rate of 100 kW to simulate the decay heat of the core. The pressure vessel is surrounded by the water cooling panels. The analytical code THANPACST2 was applied to validate its analytical methods and a newly-proposed axi-symmetrical model simulating the pipes by porous body cells against the experimental data. Under the conditions of helium gas at pressure of 0.47 MPa and temperatures up to 430°C in the pressure vessel, the temperatures of the critical spots, where peak temperatures appeared near the top of the pressure vessel, were estimated within difference between -25 and +70°C from the experimental data. The heat transferred to the cooling panel was estimated to be 4.1% less than the experimental value.

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An experiment was performed to simulate an air cooling panel system for passive decay heat removal from a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor to investigate the performance of decay heat removal and the temperature distributions of components of the system. The experimental apparatus consisted of a pressure vessel 1 m in diameter and 3 m in height, bristling with nineteen simulated pipes atop and containing heaters with the maximum heating rate of 100 kW which simulated residual heat of the core, and cooling panels surrounding the pressure vessel. The analytical code THANPACST2 was applied to the experimental data to investigate the validity of the analytical method and model proposed. Under the conditions of helium gas at the pressure of 0.64 MPa and temperature of 514°C in the pressure vessel, the temperature distribution of the pressure vessel was properly estimated within differences of -10 to +50°C compared to the experimental data. The analysis indicated that the heat transferred to the cooling panel was 15.4% less than the experimental value.

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[目的]「杖」と「起立動作」を中心に研究し、更に使い勝手の可能性を模索する。転倒リスクがある高齢者は起立する際にT字杖とノルディックウォーキングポール（NW杖）の有効性を明確にする。起立しやすい杖の長さ、杖をつく位置を証明する。高齢者に自分の身体能力を正しく認識させ、可能なかぎり積極的に外出し、健康寿命を伸ばすことを目的にする。

;

;[研究対象]日常生活で自立でき、転倒リスクがある（FRTテスト25cm未満）高齢者とする。

;

;[方法]高齢者にＴ字杖および、NW杖を用いて起立動作を行わせ、足圧分布を測定する。座位から起立までの局面において、足圧分布がどのように変化しているかを、足圧荷重分析器を用いて解析する。

;

;[結果]一番評価が高い項目は、立位で床面から大転子までの高さの2本T字杖であった。二番目は、座位で杖の先端を床面に付けてグリップした際、肘関節屈曲が 90 度になる高さの2本NW杖であった。三番目は、二番目と同じ高さの1本NW杖であった。

;

;[考察]1 本杖より2本の方が起立しやすいという主観的評価が高い傾向が認められた。足第５趾から横10cm、前30cmの交点につくと、NW杖とＴ字杖が起立する際の主観的評価が高かった。次いで膝関節の脇についた場合は、T字杖の評価が高かった。

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Based on the frequency distribution function of individual plant weight and correlations between the functional amount of the individual tree and its weight, we can derive some important ecological values, such as tree density, biomass, mean plant weight, functional quantity of forest , generalized mean plant weight and selection coefficient. Among these values, the selection coefficient is the most important because it gives us some theoretical basis for a simplified survey that needs the measurement of function of one plant only, that is, the generalized mean plant.

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We developed a gas-spring-powered device for assisting activities of sit-to- and -to-sit for the elderly andpersons with disability. The assistive device is fitted to both normal chair and wheelchairs, and is comprised of three mainparts; a seat, two support frames and two gas-springs. The assistive device was evaluated in comparison experimentswith or without this assistive device and commercially available assistive chair. Ten young healthy subjects aged from 21 to 24 yr-old had measurements of joint torque of knee and elbow using a force plate, load-cell attached on an armrest andposition of joint marker in video. In addition electromyography of upper arm and thigh were also measured. From theresults, maximum values of joint torque decreased by 29%-78%in both activities of sit-to- and -to-sit by usingthe assistive device. In addition, maximum and integrated values of electromyography output of upper arm and thighdecreased by50%-74%in both activities of sit-to- and -to-sit. In contrast, percentage decrease of commerciallyavailable device(joint torque: -7%-40%, EMG: -24-43%)was lower than the present device. We suggest that thenewly developed device could be a useful means for assisting sit-to- and -to-sit activities.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the activation of the gluteus medius (Gmed), rectus femoris (RF), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles during neutral (N) sit to (STS) and STS involving hip abduction (ABD) in elderly females. [Subjects] We recruited 16 healthy elderly females with no pain in the knee joint or any other orthopedic problems of the lower limbs. [Methods] The activities of the dominant lower extremity muscles were measured using a wireless electromyography (EMG) system. Subjects then undertook a total of six STS trials: three for neutral STS and three for STS involving hip abduction. [Results] In the pre-TO phase, activation of the RF muscle was significantly increased during hip ABD. In the post-TO phase during hip ABD, Gmed muscle activation was significantly increased, and RF muscle activation was significantly decreased. [Conclusion] This study suggests that STS involving hip ABD is more effective in decreasing Gmed activation and reducing RF effort in elderly females.

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structure, tree growth and mortality in a coastal Kashiwa oak (.Quercus dentata) forest in northern Hokkaido were investigated from 1995 to 2001. The structure was strongly affected by sand dune topography, and trees were more dwarfed at higher elevation. The topography also affected the growth of trees and the local tree mortality. Height growth was negatively correlated with relative stem height, calculated as (stem height in 1995)/(height of canopy surface) to evaluate the local structure. This result suggests that the height growth of canopy trees was severely restricted by the sea breeze. Relative diameter growth rate of stems was affected not only by initial diameter, but also by projected crown area and relative stem height. The latter two variables would strongly influence the light conditions surrounding the trees. No recruiting by seedlings or root collar sprouting was observed. About 10% of stems died during the study period, and about 37% of the dead stems were severely damaged by Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae. Tree mortality due to other factors was positively correlated with local initial density and relative altitude in the study plot. Thus a higher density and higher position resulted in higher mortality. Relative stem height of the trees that died was less than that of the trees that survived. This result suggests that one-sided competition for light also plays an important role in the dynamics of coastal Kashiwa oak forest. The effect of tree position in the study plot might be related to the recovery ability of the damaged crown. This means that trees at a higher position on dunes are unable to recover from severe crown damage.

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In this study, we surveyed the species and the number of seedlings germinated from soils sampled from secondary stands of Quercus serrata in the Musashino terrace in the Tokyo Metropolitan area in order to grasp the relationships between the seed banks, actual floor vegetation and the land use around the stands. The following results were obtained. 1) The numbers of germinated seedlings were negatively correlated with the area of the stands. 2) The percentage of summer-annual and winter-annual plants, including man-dispersed species, were higher in soils sampled from the sites of smaller stands having a sparse shrub layer. 3) The percentage of plants dispersed by gravitation, which are characteristic in secondary stands of Quercus serrata, was higher in the larger sites having a dense shrub layer. 4) The results showed that the potential of seed banks is not as great as the reconstruction material for floor vegetation. This is because the percentage of common species germinated from sampled soil and those living in actual floor vegetation was low. 5) The soil at the smaller stands sites having a sparse shrub layer was tend to contain more weed species than characteristic species of the actual floor vegetation. Therefore if the soil taken from that site was used for the reconstruction material of the floor vegetation, the weed species would be dominated in the floor vegetation.

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In daily lives, humans do not always perform a single motion separately, but they adequately transit their motions to achieve complex movements. Although human sit-to- and walking motions are reported to be explained from the small number of modules (called synergy), it has not been revealed how the transit motion (sit-to-walk) is achieved. This study conducted an experiment to measure body trajectory, reaction force and muscle activation of one healthy participant during sit-to-, walking and sit-to-walk motions. Results showed that muscle activation during sit-to-walk motion could be explained from the muscle synergies of sit-to- and walking. Moreover, it was implied that each muscle synergy needed to be activated adaptively in order to generate momentum and successfully initiate the first step.

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To study the feasibility of determining the mean annual aboveground biomass gain of tropical seasonal forests at the national scale, we estimated the gain (i.e., increase due to growth of living trees) and loss (i.e., decrease due to tree death) of aboveground tree

biomass ( AGB) using 49 permanent sample plots distributed nationwide for 139 observation periods from 2005 to 2015 in Cambodia. In a linear mixed-effects model, AGB gain was predicted to increase with the initial AGB:

Stand

AGB gain＝0.0165

Stand

AGB+2.20 (n＝139, P<0.0001, R²＝0.4531, RMSE＝2.84), where

Stand

AGB gain is the sum of tree AGB growth (Mg ha^－1 year^－1), and

Stand

AGB is the sum of initial tree AGBs (Mg ha^－1). The mean estimated AGB gain was 4.79Mg ha^－1 year^－1 for an average initial AGB of 155.5Mg ha^－1. The annual AGB loss was<20% of the initial AGB and the influence of AGB loss on AGB gain was negligible. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories assigned -age-dependent values of default annual AGB gain for tropical natural forests. However, age is difficult to determine in tropical trees. Our -age-independent approach based on the AGB offers a practical method for assessing the AGB gain of tropical natural forests.

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