Lately, various pursued biomechanical functions have developed. For the gate purpose, that can keep the balance of body and activate whole body muscles are developed. Among these developing , having the variation of toe & heel spring are developed. Then, this study investigates the effect due to the variation of toe and heel spring by EMG analysis. are selected by 3 kinds (A, B and C) of following types: A type has 0.5-0.7cm toe and 0cm heel spring, B type has 1.5-2.0cm toe and 0.5-1.0cm heel spring and C type has 4.5-5.0cm toe and 2.5-3.0cm heel spring. Measurement parts are calf (gastrocnemius muscle), thigh (nastus muscles), and waist (erector spinae muscles).
Results showed, the having a large variation of toe and heel spring has a large IEMG. And thigh (nastus muscles) showed statistical significance, however the other parts has no significant effects. During gate, the change of mean frequency was founded on same measurement points according to the change of toe, heel spring and types of . So, we can foresee the correlation between the variation of spring of and the CBM (Center of Body Motion). As a future study, measurement of CBM by the motion analysis according to the change of toe and heel spring could be followed.

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For those who love sports, not only appearance but also functionality are important considerations in the design of athletic

. This is a study done on 12 subjects on a college fencing team and other sports teams. The subjects wear experimental specialized athletic , including fencing and other similar athletic . Five kinds of , fencing plus four other similar types of athletic , were examined for their shock absorption and rebound capacities. No significant difference between was found among them in the lunge test. However, there were significant differences between the two types of in the 15 cm and 35 cm jump-down tests and extra heel support silicone gaskets in the fencing-like tests. The fencing proved to be the worst in terms of rebound ability in the 35 cm jump-down test. The fencing had the best shock absorption but the worst rebound ability. In terms of overall performance, fencing had the best shock absorption capacity. It is advisable for fencing to be required during fencing training and at tournaments, but the severity of bounces, jumps, and squats should be lowered to avoid damage to the heel.

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In this paper, sounds at walking are investigated. Their sounds may show individual walking characteristics. So we can recognize someone coming and one's physical or psychological condition by the time history pattern of their sound pressures. Their sounds are different by walking style, and there are two strong sound pressure waves at one step. The first one is a wave at heel touching down the ground and the second one is a wave at the front part of getting down the ground. We study on the source of the sound. The vibration generates by a collision of the sole and floor, and transfers to the skin. The sound radiates from the skin parts. And, it is investigated that the sound includes air compressing sound. Using their patterns and frequency characteristics of the sound pressures, we can understand who comes up and what is one's condition.

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    In the preceding report, we clarified that the high phophorus brake , containing 0.7% of phosphorus had a superior characteristic as the brake shoe castings for railway cars. To improve the wear resistance of the brake , lately we investigated the high phosphorus brake added Alloying Elements of Cu-Cr, and came to the following conclusion.
  (1) The wear of the so-called “Cu-Cr-P brake ” is less than that of “0.7%P brake ”.
  (2) The variation of Cu-Cr content has not so remarkable effect on the wear resistance of brake in the experiments, but generally for the more Cr content the less wear of brake is observed.
  (3) Slightly higher wear of tire is observed when the tire is combined with “Cu-Cr-P brake ” than the wear of tire combined with the high P brake , yet the wear of tire combined with Cu-Cr-P brake is considerablly less than the wear of tire combined with the low P brake . Practically, the wear of tire combined with Cu-Cr-P brake can be neglected.
  (4) The hardness of brake increases by adding reagent and in this case the pearlite in the matrix is strengthened by adding Cu-Cr. However, any abnormal wear of tire has not been caused.

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It is important to prevent the feet from becoming too wet or too hot, and the microclimate inside tends to be high in humidity and temperature. The present study investigated the effects of open on wearing comfort and temperature and humidity inside .A total of 21 pairs of with openings at the toes, sides, or back were specially made using natural leather. The area of foot covered by leather was the same for all three styles of . Seven individuals wore each of the shoe styles for a total of 78 minutes, including six minutes of exercise. The temperature and humidity inside the at three places were measured. At the same time, subjective sensations were assessed.For all three styles of , the temperature and humidity between the toes were higher than those at the other two measurement sites. The temperature differences at each of the three sites were small among the three styles of . As for subjective sensation, the study subjects felt that the open-toe ranked the lowest in terms of discomfort due to the low degree of sweating.

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The results of this experiment are summarized and discussed as follows:The mere cotton fabrics which were not dyed and not treated with any fungicide (No. 1) showed clear growth of mildew, in the dipping method in the mycelial suspension, both about the 24 hours washed materials and about the unwashed materials, and had almost no antimildew power.The merely dyed materials (No. 2) showed extreme growth of mildew on the cloth of in both washed and unwashed, but among the unwashed materials some showed somewhat weaker growth of mildew than No. 1 and seemed to have some antimildew power by dyeing.About the materials No. 3 treated with fungicide for preventing mildew, the unwashed ones showed almost no growth of mildew and were found to keep considerable antimildew power, but the antimildew power after 24 hours washing nearly disappeared and the extreme growth of mildew was shown.No. 4 materials, which were dyed and treated with fungicide showed almost the same results as No. 3, but in both washed and unwashed materials, the growth of mildew was fairly weaker than that in the No. 3, and seemed to notice the effects of dyeing and antimycelial treatment for mildew prevention.The rubberized and vulcanized cloth materials of the canvas raincoat (No. 5) showed no growth of mildew in both washed and unwashed ones and could be said to have nearly complete antimildew power.The yarns (No. 6) must have had somewhat antimildew power so long as they were treated by the fungicide, but in the mildew resistance tests of this methods did not show any antimildew power. If they were, however, tested by the quantity of mildew in proportion to the contained quantity of sodium pentachlorophenate, these yarns would show their corresponding antimildew power.According to the method of arranging on the mycelial mat, generally the growth of mildew on the materials was difficult in both unwashed and washed materials, and the sustaining power for mildew through this method was not much expected. However, for the purpose of examination of the breaking strength of the specimens exposed to the mildew, this method was essential.

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175 high school basketball players in Miyazaki were studied with regard to basketball injuries through questionnaires on the history of knee and ankle injuries and basuketball . Many players were found to high-top to decrease ankle sprains. They mentioned the need for basketball that are soft and stable with better spring. Many prevention of ankle sprains.
We emphasize the importance of checking and footwork when examining players. In the future, we will conduct further studies on the relationship of injuries and .

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The present experiments were carried out to clarify the effects of two different kinds of , i.e., the standard and the mesh , on thermophysiological responses and clothing microclimates (temperature and humidity) in five female students during rest and walking in the field conditions. Main results were summarized as follows : 1) Skin tempera-tures in instep, sole and leg were kept lower in the mesh than in the standard . 2) Rectal temperature and heart rates were also kept lo\ver in the mesh than in the standard . 3) Questionnaires disclosed that the subjects wearing the mesh felt less damp. These findings were discussed in terms of thermal physiology. The mesh seemed to be more effective for both the dry and wet heat loss from the feet to the surroundings, resulting in the inhibition of increase in the core temperature

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Foot injuries associated with use of nursing are current topics. We studied this problem to investigate the incidence of, and actual conditions encountered. We used a questionnaire to evaluate foot complaints nurses. 130 (92.4%) nurses answered that they had some problems. A large percentage of problems were local pain of the forefoot (52.7%). Due to the development of some problem, only 11 (7.6%) of nurses were satisfied with their .
We found that nursing have many problems but are not always caused by the shoe itself. The choice and size of shoe also indicated nurses's lack of understanding to nursing . We believe that this lack of understanding is a cause of this problem.
To decrease foot injuries caused by nursing , it is equally important both to improve and to educate the nurses to the best choice of shoe.

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  A questionnaire survey was conducted on working women to investigate the types of

responsible for variety of podiatric disease occuring during wear of . The following results were obtained.

1) In spite of a high percentage of women wearing relatively low-heeled

, various complaints related to were raised by a large number of workers. On examining the frequencies of six kinds (for example, shoe sore and impelling feeling of walking around bare-foot) of complaint, the number of workers with complaints amounted to more than 50%.

2) During working hours, most of the subjects tended to work with low-heeled

by changing their which they wore for commutation. Of department store workers, a larger number of workers preferred to change their to with higher heels compared to workers engaged in other types of profession.

3) The rate of hallux valgus tended to increase in women with broad feet, compared to those without them.

4) In the purchase of

, “comfortableness during wear” was the motivating factor to which the majority of workers attached great importance. This was followed by “design”. The general tendency was that in the choice of , “design” was a more appealing factor for younger generation workers and “comfortableness” became more important with advance in age.

5) Only 20% were satisfied with the

purchased. The over-whelming majority had some kind of dissatisfaction.

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We suggest an effective way of reducing drum-type brake noises. We noted that noises are most likely to occur when the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the brake drum and brake are close to the coupled vibration frequency. It was also noted that the eigenvectors of the leading and trailing brake are independent from each other. Based on these findings, the two were rendered asymmetric in rigidity, causing the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of either of the two to exist apart from those of the drum in fundamental to high-order modes. This in turn effectively prevents increase in the magnitude of coupled vibration of drum and , and significantly reduces brake noise level.

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The aim of this research was to evaluate the usefulness of anti-electrostatic , developed for the prevention of static electricity in the clothing of medical workers, in medical measurements such as EEG recordings. The shoe was constructed employing a sole with thin conductive rubber and a midsole part made of electro-conductive tape. The shoe sole impedance showed a significant!y lower resistance (5×10⁶Ω), compared with that (8×10¹²Ω) of conventional . Using these impedances, each time constant showed a decay in the current which discharged into the ground through the shoe sole from the electrified hand of a medical worker, being about 1,700 sec. on wearing conventional , and 1.2 sec. on wearing the anti-electrostatic . The electrostatic noise (288.21±66.15μV)in EEG records induced by the electrified hand movement of medical workers wearing conventional with a distance of 5cm from the EEG electrode lead box, showed a signiflcantly higher voltage in comparison to the noise (17.57±3.47μV) on wearing the anti-electrostatic . These results suggest that wearing anti-electrostatic was useful for the elimination of electrostatic noise in the recording data, when biomedical measurements such as EEG and ECG were performed by medical workers.

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ハイヒール高さの差異が皮膚温と衣服内気候に与える影響を観察するために実験が, 1990年5月から6月にかけて大学の建物の屋上で6人の青年女子を被験者にして行われた.二種類のタイプの靴, すなわちハイヒール靴 (ヒール高: 6.0cm, 重量330g) とロウヒール靴 (ヒール高: 2.5cm, 重量320g) が用意された.靴材料は, 天然皮革で, 色は白であった.実験フィールドにおける気温は, 23～28℃, 相対湿度は, 55～65%, 黒球温度は, 28～36℃, 風速は, 0.6～1.7m/secであった.90分間の実験期間中温熱生理パラメーターと衣服内気候が連続的に測定された.被験者は, 20分間メトロノームのアンダンティーノにあわせて日向を歩行し, その後10分間日陰で休息した.これらのスケジュールを3回繰り返した.主要な結果は, 1) 下腿と足背の皮膚温は, ロウヒール靴着用時よりもハイヒール靴着用時において, 90分間の実験期間中, 大部分の間有意に低く保たれた.2) 下腿前方の衣服内温度と衣服内湿度は, 90分間の実験期間中ロウヒール靴着用時よりもハイヒール靴着用時において, それぞれ約半分および大部分において有意に低く保たれた.
両靴間における大腿と足背の皮膚温が異なっていたという本実験の主要な結果がハイヒール靴着用とロウヒール靴着用によって生じる皮膚の血管運動をコントロールする交換神経系の興奮レベルが異なるという視点から論じられた.

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  Not a small amount is spent on the brake in the expenditures of railway maintenance. And great efforts have been made to cut down this expense.
  As a result of adapting High Phosphorus Cast Iron Brake , Kinki Nippon Railway Company has succeeded in cutting down much of the cost, by prolonging its life more than 45% in the year 1959 as compared with that of 1951. This reprot shows the following two points which prove the superiority of High Phosphorus Brake .
  These results were obtained both by actual car tests and by laboratorial test. 1. It is possible to say that High Phosporus Cast Iron Brake of Kinki Nippon Railway Co. specification of about H.B.250 wear almost 20% less than most widely used Low Phosphorus Brake of about H.B.220. 2. When the effect on the wear of tire wheels is considered, it is also possible to say that when Low Phosphorus Cast Iron Brake are used, the degree of wear runs parallel with the hardness of the material. But when High Phosphorus Cast Iron Brake are used no tendency as mentioned above can be found, and it is also made clear that the use of High Phosphorus Cast Iron Brake is good for both wheels and Brake .

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The results of the experiments are summarized as follows: When the material insoles of canvas , which mixed Na-PCP and Ca-PCP in concentrations of 0.6 to 4.0% in the rubber parts and 2.1% uniformly in the rubber cement part holding together the rubber soles and the canvas, were washed in tap water for 6, 24, 48, 96, 120 and 144 hours, in the case when the materials were first cut into 10 mm diameter circles and then were washed, containing 0.6% in the rubber part, after 96 hours continuous washing, showed entirely no growth of saprophytes and the antibacterial effect remained perfect, but above 120 hours washing, its antibacterial effect decreased and disappeared ; however, compared with the control, the growth of bacteria was slight. The materials contained two to four percent in the rubber part, after 120 hours washing, held a complete antibacterial effect, but after 144 hours washing, only the 4.0% ones held a complete antibacterial effect; nevertheless in the ones contained, less than 2.0% compared with the control, the antibacterial effect was noticed.By the experiments for Trichophyton rubrum, the growth of the fungi was completely prevented after 24 hours continuous washing, but above 48 hours washing, the antifungal action inclined to decrease and above 144 hours, even the ones containing 4.0% did not seem to prevent the growth of fungi.On the contrary, in the case of those washed before cutting the insoles, the antibacterial or antifungal action was considerably superior to those cut before washing, and the flowing of chemicals was known to be a little restricted. To state the practical conditions, it was said to be near the actual condition when the whole insoles were washed as they were, then cut circularly and examined for the antibacterial or antifungal effect.By the above washing tests, the antibacterial and antifungal effect was almost same between Na-PCP and Ca-PCP and it seemed difficult to distinguish the superiority or inferiority of their residual effects.As the practical experiments, the canvas which were mixed with Na-PCP 0, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0% and Ca-PCP 0.6 and 1.0% in the rubber parts, and the same chemicals of 2.1% uniformly in each rubber cement part, were worn for about half a year from the summer to the autumn by eight laboratory members and during these period, for eight hours a day on an average, for 38, 100, and 113 days respectively and were washed several times. Examining the residual effects of antibacterial or antifungal activity of these materials for saprophytes and trichophyton, compared with the control the antibacterial activity was noticed enough, but its effects decreased extremely and the antibacterial or antifungal action of the canvas was known to have a certain restricted period, and its effective period was thought to be within half a year.As the results of the practical experiments, skin disease symptoms as side reactions for the human body were not observed at all and as reported in the first report, the insoles material mixed with PCP was thought to have no toxicity for human body.

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This paper introduces an innovative e-Business model for online shopping based on the 3D scanning technology. The proposed business model applies well-known personalization technique to the online

shopping. Although there are a few commercialized personalization or mass customization services for online

shoes

shopping such as NIKE iD service and mi Addidas service, it is not easy to find

shoes

that fit into buyers’ feet well. The new business model applies smartphone-based 3D scanning technology that can capture accurate 3D models of buyers’ feet. According to the captured 3D models, the proposed system can recommend the most appropriate

shoes

to buyers. The structure of the proposed business model including customers and customers’value proposition, products and services, the business process, required resources, revenue models and so on are presented in detail.

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本研究は, 靴内において通常の歩行に支障をきたすような滑りを発現しない紳士用靴下を設計する為の基礎的資料を得ることを目的にしている.紳士用靴下は日本製で, 1990年に日本で市販された合計34種類を用いた.被験者には合計13名の日本人成人男性を用いた.実験室内において試着したときと実生活において実用したときの2滑り感の評価が, semantic differential methodによってなされた.得られた紳士用靴下の滑り感の得点と, 靴の中底と靴下布の摩擦特性および靴下布の厚さとの関連を検討した.
本研究の範囲内で, 次の結果が得られた.
1) 靴下布と靴の中底との静摩擦係数は約0.37以下に設計すべきでない.ただし, その摩擦測定の環境条件と法線力は, それぞれ33±1℃, 80±10%RHと200gf/cm²である.
2) 靴下布の厚さは約1mm以下にすべきでない.

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