Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been widely used for wastewater treatment. Although complete solid–liquid separation can be achieved using membrane, MBRs are subject to membrane fouling. To enable chemical cleaning to be performed at an appropriate time, fouling must be predicted in the long–term. Fouling prediction corresponds to transmembrane pressure () prediction under a condition of constant–rate filtration. One of the reasons to make difficult to predict is a jump. After the long-term operation of MBR under the condition of constant–rate filtration, increases rapidly, which is called a jump. We therefore have been developing both a prediction model and a jump prediction model. A prediction model can predict future with high accuracy in the long–term. A jump prediction model can accurately predict timing of jumps. By using our proposed models, we can arrange a schedule of chemical cleaning and optimize operating conditions and water quality that can prevent MBR fouling.

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The property of mechanical pulp strength is decided by fiber length, distribution of fiber length and fiber forms. The fine defiberization makes strong pulp with many ribbon fibers and fibrils. Refiner groundwood pulp (RGP) and thermo-mechanical pulp () has been developed to get fine mechanical pulp properties.
However, there are few new RGP installations since has been installed greatly in recent years. Therefore this paper reports on process. is significantly stronger than groundwood pulp or RGP and contains fewer shives. So is used for newspaper and mechanical paper, and strong strength can reduce chemical pulp content. However, there is a fault that consumes greater electric power to make strong strength.
The importance for process is temperature at presteaming and refining consistency. Those differences have an effect on the quality and properties of the pulp produced. As for equipment, generally refiner has used single disc. A standard flat type refiner is a 60-inch disc but recently 68-inch disc is developed. Conical type refiner mainly used in North America is available with up to 76-inch disc.

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Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic infection in people with weakened immune systems, such as people with blood disorders, solid cancers, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or who are undergoing immunosuppressive drug therapy or treatment with biological medical products. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (-SMX) is frequently used for prophylaxis of PCP. The dosage and timing of -SMX administration is not clear, although National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines suggest the use of -SMX for prophylaxis of PCP in high-risk cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. We investigated whether the timing of -SMX administration is related to prophylaxis of PCP in patients with malignant lymphoma. The incidence of PCP was 9.9％ (7/71 patients) in patients with malignant lymphoma, 7.5％ (4/53 patients) in patients with B-cell lymphoma, and 16.6％ (3/18 patients) in patients with T-cell lymphoma. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the cut-off level of peripheral blood lymphocytes for -SMX administration was 250 /μL. -SMX administration in seven to eight tablets per week (e.g., one tablet per day or four tablets twice a week) would be appropriate prophylaxis of PCP in high-risk cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. We suggest that monitoring of peripheral blood lymphocytes is important and that -SMX administration must start before the peripheral blood lymphocyte level reaches < 250 /μL.

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The ideal conditions for tympanic membrane perforation () closure by outpatient treatment include technical simplicity, low invasiveness, high perforation closure rate, a high safety margin and the use of economically viable materials. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which contains growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like growth factor I, induces regeneration in various tissues to promote excellent wound-healing effects. As PRP is an autohemic substance, it is non-toxic, non-immunoactivating and indicates a high safety margin in application. The present study developed a closure method using autologous PRP combined with an atelocollagen membrane (CM). Of the 25 ears who underwent surgical trimming of tissues around the under local anesthesia, the tympanic membrane was patched with PRP-infiltrated CM preparations. In the present study, the closure rate was improved to 88%. The findings in our study suggest that closure with the PRP/CM patching method yields excellent rates with a high safety margin, the novel approach shows limited invasiveness, and requires simple technical skills.

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The present study investigated the underlying cellular mechanism in the effect of ligustrazine (tetramethylpyrazine, ) on anion secretion of colonic mucosa in rats using short-circuit current (I_sc) technique in conjunction with “Tool drugs.” (i) After pretreatment of the tissues by bathing the bilateral surface with Cl⁻-free Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution for over an hour, basolateral application of 1 mmol/l produced an increase in I_sc and the total charges transported for 30 min was about 8.7 ± 1.4 mC/cm²; Apical pretreatment of DPC and basolateral addition of acetazolamide decreased the -induced I_sc by about 60% (P < 0.01) and 45% (P < 0.05) respectively; Basolateral application of 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), the inhibitor of Na⁺-HCO₃⁻ cotransporter (NBC), didn't alter the -induced I_sc. (ii) After bathing the bilateral surface of mucosa with HCO₃⁻-free K-H solution for over an hour, basolateral application of 1 mmol/l produced an increase in I_sc and the total charges transported in 30 min was about 8.3 ± 1.9 mC/cm²; Apical pretreatment of DPC (1 mmol/l), the inhibitor of Cl⁻ channels, decreased the -induced I_sc by about 84% (P < 0.01). The basolateral presence of bumetanide (0.1 mmol/l), the inhibitor of Na⁺-K⁺-Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC), significantly reduced the -evoked I_sc by about 86% (P < 0.01). In conclusion, (i) Ligustrazine could promote colonic mucosa secrete Cl⁻ via apical Cl⁻ channels and basolateral NKCC; (ii) Ligustrazine could promote colonic mucosa secrete HCO₃⁻ via apical Cl⁻ channels and basolateral diffusion of CO₂.

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The present study investigated the underlying cellular mechanism in the effect of ligustrazine (tetramethylpyrazine, ) on the anion secretion of colonic mucosa in rats using a short-circuit current (I_sc) technique in conjunction with “tool drugs.” (i) After a pretreatment of the tissues by bathing the bilateral surface with Cl⁻-free Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution for over an hour, a basolateral application of 1 mmol/l produced an increase in I_sc, and the total charges transported for 30 min were about 8.7 ± 1.4 mC/cm²; an apical pretreatment of DPC and a basolateral addition of acetazolamide decreased the -induced I_sc by about 60% (P < 0.01) and 45% (P < 0.05), respectively; a basolateral application of 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), the inhibitor of Na⁺-HCO₃⁻ cotransporter (NBC), did not alter the -induced I_sc. (ii) After the bilateral surface of mucosa was bathed with HCO₃⁻-free K-H solution for over an hour, a basolateral application of 1 mmol/l produced an increase in I_sc, and the total charges transported in 30 min were about 8.3 ± 1.9 mC/cm²; an apical pretreatment of DPC (1 mmol/l), the inhibitor of Cl⁻ channels, decreased the -induced I_sc by about 84% (P < 0.01). The basolateral presence of bumetanide (0.1 mmol/l), the inhibitor of Na⁺-K⁺-Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC), significantly reduced the -evoked I_sc by about 86% (P < 0.01). In conclusion, (i) ligustrazine could promote colonic mucosa secretion Cl⁻ via apical Cl⁻ channels and basolateral NKCC; (ii) ligustrazine could promote colonic mucosa secretion HCO₃⁻ via apical Cl⁻ channels and the basolateral diffusion of CO₂.

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We previously reported that the intrathoracic pressure (ITP) decreases and the transmural pressure of the aortic wall () increases during 4.5 s of microgravity (μG) induced by free drop. To examine the ITP response to a longer period of μG in the absence of the respiratory rate (RR) decrease, i.e., bradypnea, which occurs at the onset of μG, we measured the aortic blood pressure at the diaphragma level (AP) and ITP. We then calculated the at the aortic arch level during 20 s of μG induced by parabolic flight in anesthetized rats (n = 7) with either spontaneous ventilation (SPN-V) or controlled ventilation (CONT-V). In the SPN-V group, the bradypnea was observed in all rats after the onset of the μG (RR change −13.9 ± 2.9/min). The ITP during μG (−9.3 ± 0.9 mmHg) was significantly lower than that during 1 G (−7.7 ± 0.9 mmHg), and the was significantly increased during μG (112 ± 6 mmHg) compared to 1 G (103 ± 5 mmHg). Similar changes in ITP and were observed in the CONT-V group: During μG and 1G, respectively, the ITP was −8.4 ± 0.6 mmHg and −5.9 ± 0.7 mmHg, and the was 112 ± 6 mmHg and 101 ± 6 mmHg, whereas no change in RR was observed because of the controlled ventilation. These results show that the ITP decreases and the increases during μG, and they are not affected by a disturbance of respiratory rhythm.

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Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (

/SMX) prophylaxis is used to prevent pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in patients with autoimmune diseases who usually receive corticosteroid therapy for longer than 4 weeks. However, patients with intraocular inflammation often receive corticosteroids for several weeks without /SMX prophylaxis. Therefore, we investigated the frequency of /SMX prophylaxis use and the incidence of PCP.

Overall, 192 patients received corticosteroids in the departments of ophthalmology and oculoplastic surgery at the Aichi Medical University Hospital from August 11, 2011 to May 6, 2019. The total corticosteroid dose was calculated. We collected patients' clinical data such as underlying disease, infection events, and risk factors of immunodeficiency.

All patients received ≥ 560 mg total prednisolone (PSL) dose during the treatment period; 38.6％ patients received higher corticosteroid dose (PSL > 20 mg/day for 28 days), and 5.2％ patients used

/SMX. Among the study population, 74 and 118 patients received corticosteroids at higher or lower doses of the PCP prophylaxis dose (PSL 20 mg/day ≥ 28 day), but 98.6％ (n = 73) and 98.3％ (n = 116) patients did not show respiratory infections, even though they had immunodeficiency risk factors. Additionally, no patient showed symptoms of PCP.

In conclusion, no patients developed PCP caused by corticosteroid therapy despite most patients not receiving

/SMX prophylaxis. Therefore, stereotypical /SMX prophylaxis, only based on the steroid dosage and immunodeficiency data, is not recommended for intraocular inflammatory disease patients receiving corticosteroids.

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Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been widely used for wastewater treatment. MBRs are subject to membrane fouling. To perform chemical cleaning at appropriate timing, fouling must be predicted in the long–term. Fouling prediction corresponds to transmembrane pressure () prediction under conditions of constant-rate filtration. A reason for difficulty of prediction is jumps, which is rapid increase of after long-term operation of MBRs under constant–rate filtration. Our laboratory therefore have been developing both prediction models and jump prediction models. prediction models can predict future with high accuracy in the longterm. jump prediction models can accurately predict timing of jumps. A schedule of chemical cleaning of membrane can be arranged by using those models. By analyzing jump model, operating conditions such as aeration can be designed for performing energy–saving MBRs. In addition, CFD simulation can provide useful information on optimizing size of bubble and arrangement of membranes in MBR.

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The ultimate pressure of a turbomolecular pump () depends on its backing pressure and compression ratio. Performance of was analyzed, taking the out-gassing from blades into consideration. A 250 L/s and a 1100 L/s compound molecular pump (CMP) were designed based upon this theory and their performance was measured. The ultimate pressure was 5E-10 Pa, which is in the XHV region.

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The stability of synthetic Mg₃ (PO₄) ₂·22H₂O ( 22) was studied under atmospheres with various water vapor pressures at 25-70°C.
The sample of 22 was decomposed and changed to be in an amorphous state under a relative pressure (P/P₀) of water vapor of less than 0.2 at 25-30°C. In saturated water vapor at 55°C, the crystal lattice of 22 was retained for more than 10 hr and then converted to Mg₃ (PO₄) ₂·8H₂O ( 8). On the other hand, 22 became amorphous within 2 hr at 41°C in air (P/P₀=0.5-0.6).
The conversion of 22 to 8 also occurred at 50-70°C within 5 hr in distilled water, the aqueous solutions of Na₂CO₃ and NaOH, and the mother liquor after the precipitation of 22. Under these conditions, it has been found that the conversion time to 8 was reduced remarkably in comparison with those of 8 preparations previously reported. Therefore, the conversion process stated here is applicable to a rapid synthesis of 8.

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In industry, Turbo molecular pump (

) is utilized to make highly vacuum in the chamber. The rotor supported by the active magnetic bearings (AMB) in vibrates caused by the unbalance of the mass of the rotor. This vibration is transmitted to casing of and gives harmful influence on the device attached to . As methods to suppress this vibration, Peak-of-Gain Control (JIS B 0913-1, Unbalance Force Counteracting Control: UFCC), Automatic Balancing System (JIS B 0913-1, Unbalance Force Rejection Control: UFRC) and Phase-Variable Control (PVC) have been reported. However, these methods have been applied to only radial direction of the rotor even though vibration with same cycle as unbalance vibration occurs in axial direction of the rotor. Additionally, conventional unbalance vibration compensator can not be applied to the three axes bearing which supports the rotor by AMB in only axial direction. Accordingly, in this paper, unbalance vibration compensators for axial direction are proposed. Through experiments, the proposed compensators are applied to the axial direction and exhibit effect of suppression of unbalance vibration.

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A new method of the separation and determination of thiamine and its phosphoric esters ( and TDP) is described. By carboxylic acid ion exchanger (Amberlite IRC-50), thiamine and were selectively taken up from the mixture of thiamine, , and TDP, on the other hand TDP was not adsorbed by the resin but passed down completely. Thiamine and can be removed from the resin with 0.05N HCl. Thiamine and were adsorbed to activated zeolite (Permutit) and thiamine was selectively eluted with 25% KCl in 0.1N HCl, but was not. Finally , which was adsorbed to the zeolite, was eluted with 2N HCl completely. Each of these fractions (thiamine, and TDP) is available to determination by thiochrome method.

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当社のは, 4系列である。各系列は1段目がSDRで, 2段目がDDRの2段叩解となっている。2基の蒸発器によりSDRから発生する蒸気を回収している。しかし完全回収するに至っていなかった。そこでジェットコンデンサータイプの熱回収装置を増設し, 温水を製造することにした。この温水は, DIPで使用している。この改造により, から発生する熱の完全回収が可能となった。
熱回収量は, 蒸気に換算すると5.5T/Hとなる。

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Nocardia に対する Sulfamethoxazole と Trimethoprim の in vitro および in vivo 併用効果について検討した. in vitro 併用効果について Mueller-Hinton 培地 (馬溶血液,7.5%添加) を使用し checker board titration 法および disk 法により検討したところ, N.asteroides ならびに N. brasiliensis に対し両剤間に相乗的作用のあることが見出された. そこで11種18株の Nocardia に対する両剤の併用効果を agar dilution 法によるMIC値から FIC index にもとづいて比較したところ, 1:1配合時に最大である結果が得られた. in vivo 併用効果についてマウスに N. asteroides を 5 LD₅₀ 尾静脈内接種する実験感染症を用いて検討したところ,各種配合比によるST合剤はマウス生存率の増加,平均生存日数の延長を示し協力作用のある成績が得られた. しかしながら各種配合比間におけるこれら併用効果には in vitro のごとき顕著な差異は認められなかつた.

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近年, 古紙配合が増えてきた。しかし, 品質上一定量の機械パルプは新聞紙に配合されている。の難点はエネルギー消費の多いことである。RTS^TMメカニカル・パルプ製造システムはアンドリッツ社が開発した新しい低滞留時間, 高温, 高速の省エネルギー製造法である。パルプ品質は従来のと同等以上が得られる一方, 動力消費は15-17%節減される。
米国南部のパルプ工場の2系列のパルプラインを使って, 従来型とRTS^TMのリファイニング比較トライアルを実施し, 南部産パイン材パルプの品質及びエネルギー消費量を比較検討した。フリーネス及びハンドシートによる物理特性が同等になるように従来および新RTS法でメカニカルパルプを製造した。RTS^TMの電力原単位は, 従来のより, 15-17%少なかった。平均繊維長に差は見られなかったが, Bauer McNett分配による繊維分級重量分布を比較すると, 中間分級 (48/100) の繊維重量は, RTS^TMの方が従来より多かった。カレンダー仕上げ新聞用紙の比較では, RTS^TMの方が従来より, 良好な平滑度を示した。これは, RTS^TMパルプ中の繊維長が短いことに関連する。新聞用紙の通気性を測定したところ, RTS^TMパルプの方が, 若干低いポアサイズ分布を示した。しかしながら, 標準的印刷特性テストではRTS^TMパルプと従来パルプの新聞用紙に差は見られなかった。

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The enzyme obtained from a cell-free extract of baker's yeast is able to form thiamine diphosphate (TDP) from thiamine monophosphate () with ATP and Mg^<2+> as well as from thiamine. The enzyme which synthesize TDP from was purified with heat treatment. ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The obtained enzyme was partially purified 18 fold in a specific activity of TDP formation from , accompanying the thiaminokinase activity which was not able to separate and also containing a little TMPase activity. In order to exclude the participation of TMPase in TDP formation from , a chemically synthesized -^<32>P was used as a substrate and TDP-^<32>P formed enzymatically was isolated from the reaction mixture. The consistency of specific radio-activities of the -^<32>P used and the formed TDP-^<32>P suggests the direct phosphorylation of to form TDP, that is an exsistence of -phosphokinase.

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1, 6-ヘキサンジオール (1, 6-HD) の水酸基に対しβ位のメチレン炭素, トリメチロールプロパン () の4級炭素の¹³C NMRより1, 6-HD, のエステル化反応の定量的解析が可能であることが分かった。アジピン酸 (AD) //1, 6-HD, イソフタル酸 (iPA) //1, 6-HD, AD/iPA//1, 6-HDモノマー組成の無触媒下での重縮合の解析を行い, (1) のエステル化反応率が1, 6-HDの反応率より低い。 (2) 最終生成物中の各種形態の割合は¹³C NMR実測値とモノマー配合より計算した理論値とは異なるが, 全体としての実測反応率より求めた計算値と一致する。以上の結果より, 各種のエステル化反応性は同レベルであるが, のエステル化反応性が1, 6-HDのエステル化反応性より低いため, 最終生成物中の各種形態の割合が実測値と理論値で異なると推定する。

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