This is the study of the method and mechanism of Nougaku performance. It stems from a question out of my experience as a dance choreographer : “How can one make movement dramatic fascinating in an empty space? How does one make simple movements into a dance?"

I have approached this question through the method of Japanese tradisional theatre Nougaku. Interviewing Nogaku performers and two foreign artists, I have researched Nougaku dramaturgy regarding two key subjects : “the techniues of Kata (petterned forms)", and “

." Through re-examinig these issues, it seems possible to gain an understanding universality and potential of Nougaku as comtemporary theatre form.

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This essay examines how important and significant ‘translated dramas’ in Japan are, by contemplating the effectiveness which becomes apparent when certain English plays written by Samuel Beckett are translated and presented on the stage in the form of Japan’s traditional performing art. First, I will focus on similarities between the comic qualities of Beckett’s early drama and translated versions in Japanese Kyogen. The analysis focuses on discussion of ‘kata,’ a stylized pattern of acting in Kyogen theatre as well as elements of mimetic art. I will then investigate the mechanism of storytelling in Noh versions of Beckett’s later drama to understand ritualism in both English and Japanese versions. Finally, I will analyze how Beckett’s plays in the particular context of Noh theatre reveal their affinity to the metaphysical theory of the Zen spirit, the theory in which loss of egoism and aesthetics of silence are focused on. This theory in turn is a useful tool to understand the effect of ritualism in Beckett’s later drama, thus reinforcing the significance of Noh Theatre outside of the Japanese culture and in the global landscape of contemporary theatre.

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Since there is little information so far on the phenomena of flash evaporation in a flash chamber of comparatively short length, the authors measured temperature and velocity profiles in a 1.0 meter long flash chamber with and without interstage baffle plates.
The results obtained above are quite different from those obtained from a chamber of comparatively long length.
Without baffle plate, flashing occurs at the rear of the chamber, where the submerged hot jet of liquid reaches the liquid-vapor interface, and the reverse flow of liquid exists near the liquid-vapor interface.
When a baffle plate is installed in the flash chamber, flashing occurs at the front part of the chamber and the reverse flow of liquid exists near the bottom of the chamber.
In the case of a short flash chamber, evaporation is considerably enhanced by the installation of a baffle plate.
Also, the authors obtained empirical equations for non-equilibrium temperature difference from the experimental results.

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Children learn new words at a prodigious rate, over nine words a day during early childhood. Further, they often converge on the adult meaning of a new word after hearing it only a few times in a single context. As many have noted, the inductive processes that underlie such efficient word learning must be highly constrained. One source of constraint derives from the fact that words in different syntactic categories differ systematically in meaning. Young children exploit information about syntactic subcategorization to inform their hypotheses about word meanings.
This paper asks to what extent such constraints reflect prelinguistic cognitive architecture, i.e., conceptual distinctions antecedently available to constrain syntax acquisition as well as word learning, and to what extent such constraints reflect language specific, culturally constructed, conceptual categories which must be induced in the course of language learning. This question is explored via a case study within the domain of noun semantics and the representation of number, five aspects of which are examined: the representations of integers in counting sequences (“one, two, three…”), quantifiers such as one, another, the criteria for individuation and identity embodied in the sortal concepts the language lexicalizes, the distinction between count and mass nouns, and the distinction between count nouns and predicates.
In this paper I sketch data from infant studies that suggest that all but the first of these (the representations of integers) are part of prelinguistic cognitive architecture. These elements of constraints on word meanings are not induced from language learning; rather language learning, including lexical learning, builds upon them.

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To physically simulate the alloy elements transportation and diffusion in the liquid steel during the making of heavy ingots, a water analogy experimental method is presented. In this method, methylene blue dye is used as solute to simulate the alloy element carbon in the melt steel. And a measurement method is proposed to measure the concentration of the solute, in which the laser reflection intensity detection method is used. The water analogy experiment setup is constructed. The multi-concentration pouring of a 438 t ingot is investigated by this method. The concentration of the ladles decrease with the pouring consequence. The concentration variation curves with time at the tundish outlet and in the mold are acquired and analyzed. The tundish outlet concentration decreases gradually and no fluctuation occurs during the change of ladles. Negative concentration gradient is achieved at the end of pouring, which can be helpful for controlling of the macrosegration usually occurring in the heavy ingot.

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To clarify the physical mechanism of flash evaporation, an experimental investigation was carried out with a quantity of pool water exposed to a sudden pressure drop.
The range of experimental variables include : superheats between 2.5 and 5.5°C, liquid temperature between 40 and 80°C, and liquid levels of 100 and 200 mm.
Flash evaporation is found to undergo two exponential decaying processes.
Measured values of maximum penetration depth of evaporation, non-equilibrium temperature difference, and coefficient of evaporation rate are subject significantly to the influence of liquid level, and flash evaporation is not always enhanced by the lowering of liquid level for larger values of liquid temperature.
The experimental data are also compared with data obtained in multi-stage flash evaporators.

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In an attempt to reach a quantitative understanding of the physical mechanism of multi-stage flash evaporation, an experimental study was made of flash evaporation phenomena in a 1.0 m long and 10 cm wide flash chamber with and without baffle plates.
The experiments covered the range of liquid flow rates between 6 and 12 t/hr, liquid temperatures between 40 and 80 °C, superheats between 0.7 and 4.8°C and liquid level of 20 cm.
Experimental data of interstage orifice coefficients, velocity and temperature profiles, local non-equilibrium temperature difference and non-equilibrium temperature difference at flash chamber exit were obtained and the effects of installation of a baffle plate in a flash chamber on these experimental data were also examined.
Since a baffle plate moves entering hot liquid from the flash chamber floor up to the liquid surface, flash evaporation is considerably enhanced by its installation, especially for lower liquid temperatures.
It was also found that non-equilibrium temperature difference at flash chamber exit was affected considerably by superheat.

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フラッシュ蒸発の物理的機構の解明を目的として, 瞬間的減圧下における容器内の静止温水のフラッシュ蒸発に関する基礎的な実験を行なった.
純水について平衡温度40, 60, 80℃, 過熱度約3,5℃Cの条件下における実測値を得た結果, フラッシュ蒸発は時間に対して, 指数関数的に減衰する2過程を経ることがわかった. 最初の過程における蒸発速度は, 後続する過程のそれにくらべて極端に大きく, 最初の過程が実質的なフラッシュ蒸発期間と考えられる. したがって最初の過程の終了の状態において, フラッシュ蒸発時間, 非平衡分率, 非平衡温度差ならびにフラッシュ蒸発誘起範囲の決定を行ない, それらの実験式を提出した.
その結果, ある程度自明の事実を含めて, 次のことが定量的に明らかとなった.
1) フラッシュ蒸発時間は平衡温度が高いほど, また過熱度が小さいほど短くなる.
2) 非平衡分率は平衡温度が高いほど, また過熱度が大きいほど小さくなる.
3) 非平衡温度差は平衡温度が高いほど, また過熱度が小さいほど小さくなる.

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The current version of the standard ISO 3382 has now been in existence for seven years, yet for many the contents of Annexes A and B on newer measures remain confusing. A major issue is the use to which these measures are put. Where the ‘new’ measures for auditoria differ from other acoustic parameters is that they refer to a range of subjective effects, which are perceived simultaneously. Using the newer measures requires a good understanding of the multi-dimensional nature of music perception. Measurement data requires interpretation. When measurements are made in unoccupied auditoria, the data requires correction to the situation with full audience. Another issue is how to condense data measured across audience areas. The simplest approach is to present mean values of the different quantities, but this ignores the fact that many quantities vary significantly with location; the disappointment of sitting in a poor seat in an auditorium is no less for the knowledge that the overall mean is good. Several of these issues are discussed here with the aim of promoting more uniformity in the way the objective measures proposed in the Standard are applied by different research groups and companies.

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The hepatic sinusoids of the soft-shelled turtle (Amyda japonica) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The sinusoidal wall was composed of endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and Ito cells. The basal surface of the hepatocyte facing the Disse's space was covered by a continuous basal lamina. In addition to the Ito cells, the Disse's space contains a considerable number of smooth muscle cells. Many of these were distributed sporadically, while others appeared as a sphincter circling the sinusoid. The smooth muscle cells in the Disse's space showed the following features: 1) The nucleus was located eccentrically near one end of the cell. 2) The surface vesicles and pits, mitochondria and dense patches along the myofilament bundles were all sparse as compared with those known from mammalian smooth muscle cells. 3) Cytoplasmic processes or ruffles were protruded into the Disse's space. 4) A weak basal lamina could be recognized.
Sinusoidal endothelial cells were characterized by many large electron lucent lysosomes in their perikaryon and by small fenestrae in their attenuated cytoplasm. Ito cells sending out several cytoplasmic processes, possessed a single large lipid droplet on one side of the nucleus. A single cilium budding from the distal centriole into the Disse's space was found in an Ito cell.
Extrasinusoidal macrophages were considerably numerous in the soft-shelled turtle liver. Some of the macrophages were apparently migrating into the sinusoid, there to presumably transform into the Kupffer cells.

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An actor seems to assert the traditions that it is related to, occasionally. This paper analyses the culturality of the audience behaviour of a trilogy. The trilogy is a kind of interactive space. Culturality is multifaceted and waxes symbolic at times, as do traditional behaviour. It has provisionally three types: referential culturality, analogous one and habitual one. As a boundless, or self-critically trans-active concept, culturality enables one's elastic understanding of cultures. It is a kind of wave, rather than a substance, transmitted and inherited, or interfered, through the agency of history. Through the analysis of culturality carried out, one could point out the cultural linkages between those contemporaneous and traditions transmitted, like hyperlinks between a time and another time. Those engaged seemed to be often culturally self-assertive like Narcissus. However, they were not only so. That is, as a result of the analysis, it was discovered that the referential culturality that refers to a tradition may overcome seemingly existing cultural barriers by fusing any culturalities belong to different traditions like a performance with a meta-culturally synthetic behaviour, or self-critically and trans-actively symbolic action. As such concept, culturality could be applied to the behavioural observation of relationships emergent in the fields from anthropology to zoology, as well as techno-cultural ecology/-nomy and practice, such as interaction design. With the culturality, human beings and their behaviour are neither anonymous nor definite anymore, but a sort of heir, from which designers and observers of a paradigm can take account from now on.

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フィリップ・シールのノーテイションと聞いて随分懐かしく思われる読者も多いかと思う。日本でそれが紹介されてから既に四半世紀が経っている。その間,短いモノグラフや雑誌での断片的な論説といった形で公表されてはきたが,その全貌が本の形で「人間,経路そして目的:人々の体験するエンバイロテクチャー(環建)の表記」(People, Paths, and Purposes: Notations for a participatory envirotecture)と題してUniversity of Washington Pressからようやく出版された。この本の推薦文でエイモス・ラポポートが「シール氏は1951年以来このようなシステムについて研究してきた。本書はしたがって,彼の生涯の研究生活の集大成といえる」と述べているように,そこに含まれる内容は膨大である。しかしワシントン大学での長年の教育を通してリファインされただけあって,興味深い図版や豊富な事例の引用を交えて大変わかりやすくまとめられている。この本で示されているフィリップ・シールの基本的な考え方は,「環境デザインと環境研究は環境を動き回るユーザーの視点による経験に基づいて考えるべきである」とする点であり,また「デザインはユーザーがどのような特定の要求や好みをもつかといったことを基本に考えるべきだ」とする点である。そして環境デザインと行動研究のこういったアプローチを実現するために必要な新たなツールと手順を発展させてきたのである。本稿は,東京工業大学の客員教授として来日中のフィリップ・シール(ワシントン大学名誉教授)が1999年6月21日に建築会館会議室で行った講演の記録である。なお,英文のアブストラクトは公演後にあらためて寄稿されたものである。

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We propose a new interline CCD (IL-CCD) image sensor which combines buried photodiodes and CCD registers driven through a barrier (DTB-CCD). The performance of the image sensor was simulated by three-dimensional numerical analyses, emphasizing on dark current and charge capacity. It was clarified that highly biased electrodes of the DTB-CCD absorbed most of the generation-recombination (g-r) currents at Si-SiO₂ interfaces beneath their electrodes and also the currents between electrodes with low biases and electrodes with high biases. The g-r currents were reduced by several orders at the interface under electodes with low biases, because holes were introduced under the interface. Most of the reduced g-r currents are also absorbed into their respective electrodes. However, a small part of the g-r currents generated at the above three interfaces flew into a channel, going over the potential barrier between the bottom of the SiO₂ layer and channel, to become a dark current. When the barrier height was increased, dark currents were significantly reduced. Therefore, the IL-CCDimage sensor enables a device with very few dark currents. When a 8.3μm (H) ×12μm (V) pixel includes two photodiodes and four transfer electrodes was used, more than 4.5-5.0×10⁴ electrons were transferred from photodiodes to CCD registers by 0V to 9.5V and -5.8 to 0V transfer pulses. Additionally, 4.0×104 electrons were transferred in the CCD by -5.8V to 0 V amplitude using conventional 4-phase driving pulses.

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1. 生後1ケ月から86才までの解剖例からとった腎周囲脂肪180例のうち, 褐色脂肪を含むのは134例 (74%) であった.
2. この褐色脂肪は6型の細胞から成る. 第1型: 熱産生のために脂肪を酸化消費し顆粒性細胞質で充満した脂肪消失細胞. 第2型: 脂肪滴の迅速な酸化に適した小滴細胞. 第3, 4型: 脂肪を多量に貯蔵している中・大滴細胞. 第5型: 多房性褐色脂肪細胞から単房性白色脂肪細胞への移行型. 第6型: 第1型とともに出現し, 脂肪滴は減少し, 滴の間の顆粒性細胞質が増加した, 脂肪を酸化消費しつつある細胞.
3. 第1型と第6型が出現することは, 褐色脂肪に熱産生のため脂肪酸化が進行し, 褐色脂肪細胞の一部が脂肪滴を失いつつあることを示す. 180例中65例 (36%) に見られた.
4. 本研究では両細胞の出現を見て褐色脂肪に熱産生があることを推定した。1歳未満の乳児では多数の第1と第6型がしばしば第2型とともに出現することから, 迅速で多量の熱産生が推定され, 乳児では褐色脂肪が体温維持のため熱産生を行うという説が支持された. 同様に小児と10歳児でもかなり高度の熱産生能が想定された. 高年者を含む成人でも第1と第6型は17∼40%に出現し, 時に第2型を伴い熱産生能の存続を暗示する. 人の褐色脂肪は高年者においても体に加わる刺激に対して, 貯蔵脂肪を酸化して反応することが明らかとなった.
5. 焼死, 溺死, 出血死, 薬物中毒死などにおいて第1と第6型がしばしば多数に出現することは, 褐色脂肪に著明な脂肪の酸化が, ノルアドレナリン量の上昇によって, おこることを暗示する.
6. 肝硬変その他の死因の解剖例の腎周囲脂肪に発見された“小型細胞質性細胞”は, おそらく萎縮した脂肪消失細胞 (第1型) である.

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コウモリとウサギの嗅上皮は4型の細胞から成る.
1. 支持細胞は多量の滑面小胞体をもつが, 分泌機能はない. 支持細胞の自由表面から出る多数の長い微絨毛には軸糸はない. 微絨毛と細胞の自由表面を包む形質膜の外葉から出る多くの微細な泡状突起が新らしく証明された. 頸部と直径約200Åの先端膨大部から成り, おそらく支持細胞の表面積の拡大と微細アポクリン分泌機構による未知物質の放出に与る.
2. 嗅細胞の核周部は上皮自由表面へ樹状突起を, 上皮下部へ神経突起 (軸索) を伸ばす. 著者は樹状突起の olfactory vesicle (嗅小胞) を dendritic bulb (樹状突起球) と呼ぶことを提唱した. その中に含まれる嗅小毛の基底小体は3附属物をもつ. 1) は dendritic bulb の中央に向かって出る円錐形で横紋をもつ basal foot で, ときに2個ある. 2) は同じ横紋をもつ1.2μ長の rootlet で, 3) は9本の spokes で, 基底小体の9 triplets の遠位端と近接する形質膜を結合する. 本研究で初めて大有芯小胞 (直径750-1,000Å) が嗅細胞の核周部と軸索とに証明された. 嗅細胞の樹状突起と軸索には神経微細管とミトコンドリアが豊富で, 神経微原繊維は証明されない. 樹状突起は遊離リボソームを含むが大有芯小胞をもたず, 軸索突起は大有芯小胞をもつがリボソームをもたない.
3. 微原繊維を欠く未分化基底細胞があり, それらが有糸分裂を経て, 本研究で見出された明るい間細胞へ分化すると想像される. 間細胞は未分化細胞の特性をもち, おそらく嗅細胞と支持細胞の前駆者である.
4. コウモリとウサギの嗅腺では, 分泌機能をもたない固有の上皮内導管の存在は疑問である. 腺の上皮内および上皮外分泌部に基底膜は証明されない. 腺細胞は種々の分泌機能時期にあるが, 独立の型に分けることはできない. 腺細胞は多量の滑面小胞体の細管要素をもつが, 粗面小胞体要素は少ない. 暗い芯をもつ明るい分泌顆粒は, その組織化学的性質と共に両哺乳動物の嗅腺の粘液腺説を支持するが, 腺細胞に著しく滑面小胞体が多い事実は, 粘液性分泌物が特殊な化学的性質をもつことを暗示する. ウサギの腺細胞にはおそらく滑面小胞体の細管に由来する”dense rodlets”があり, アポクリン分泌により腺腔へ放出される.

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Since the last century, histological studies on human tracheal glands have been carried out not infrequently, but nevertheless the cytological details and their changes accompanying the secretory function still remain in perfect obscurity. The author obtained in operations healthy tracheal mucosae from 25 cases, and performed histological and cytological observations on the tracheal glands. The samples were fixed in LEVI's and CHAMPY's fluids, ZENKER-formol, 10% formol and formol-alcohol, embedded in paraffin, and serially sectioned 3-4μ thick. For staining, hematoxylin (HANSEN)-eosin, HEIDENHAIN's iron-hematoxylin, azan, periodic acid-SCHIFF (PAS) reaction and BAUER's reaction were employed. The GOLGI apparatus was visualized by KOLATCHEV's osmic acid method, and sometimes further stained with KULL's method. The results are summarized as follows:
1. The human tracheal gland is mainly found in submucosa, and extends in different ways in the cartilaginous region, intercartilaginous region and paries membranaceus, In the cartilaginous region, it spreads parallel to the surface, and in the intercartilaginous region and paries membranaceus, it spreads in most cases into the deep layers perpendicular or oblique to the surface. In this way, the shape and the location of the gland is dependent on the presence of the tracheal cartilage.
2. The gland opens in the bottom of the tubular or funnel-shaped crypt of the tracheal mucosa, lined by the same pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium like the surface of the mucosa. The crypts sometimes show at the bottom simple branching.
3. All the tracheal glands are provided excretory ducts with wide lumina, lined by a simple columnar epithelium consisting of a single layer of high columnar epithelial cells and a layer of basal cells in its base. Sometimes the excretory duct shows a simple branching. The striated portions, as found in the ducts of the large salivary glands, are not visible.
4. Secretory portion directly continuous with the excretory duct is a large mucous glandular tubule which ramifys several times into small mucous branches. In the mucous tubule and its branches open many tubular and alveolar albuminous (serous) secretory portions (terminal portions), which consist of albuminous glandular cells and also ramify. The human tracheal glands are therefore neither pure mucous nor pure serous (or albuminous) glands, but are always mixed glands, and from morphological standpoint they should be called simple and sometimes compound branched tubuloalveolar glands.
5. Concerning the distribution of both mucous and albuminous cells in the branched glandular tree there exists a definite rule: the former being situated near the excretory duct occupying the proximal portion, and the latter being distributed in the more distal part making the terminal portions of the tree. The branched mucous tubule consequently not only secretes mucous secretion but also serves as a part of the excretory duct. Numerous demilunes, consisting of albuminous cells, are found in the wall of the branched mucous tubule.
6. The tracheal gland has many demilunes of variable shapes and sizes, and in some occasions several demilunes are grouped at the end of the mucous tubule. Larger demilunes of alveolar form protrude often from the mucous tubule wall into the interstitial connective tissue, including deep lumina. These findings suggest the transition of demilunes into albuminous tubules or acini. Demilunes are considered to be poorly developed albuminous tubule or acini and present the same cytological changes in secretory function.
7. Between the basal surface of the glandular cells (mucous and albuminous) and the membrana propria of the glandular tubules, there are many myoepithelial cells, which are of smooth muscle fiber type and arranged in parallel with the long axis of the glandular tubule.

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