This paper proposes a concept of the task-oriented software synergy (

) as a novel control method for anthropomorphic hands and a control system of multi-fingered hand that realizes . is able to perform various tasks with fewer inputs than conventional synergy by switching synergy for each task. By comparing with the conventional synergy, we show that gained higher contribution rate than the conventional synergy for writing task and smaller error of joint angle due to the effect of dimensional reduction. Moreover, we verified through physics simulation that the success rate of a task using with a few principal components is higher than conventional synergy based method. These results show that can properly perform various tasks with fewer inputs.

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This paper proposes a concept of the task-oriented software synergy (

) for anthropomorphic hands and designs a control system of multi-fingered hand that realizes . By using , we can perform various tasks with fewer principal components than those of conventional synergies by switching synergy corresponding to each task. We show that can be realized with lower approximation error and higher contribution rate than the conventional synergy for a given task. Moreover, we verified through physics simulation that an adverse effect of dimensionality reduction is smaller than conventional synergy. These results show that, by using , we can properly perform various tasks with fewer inputs.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the development pattern of batting imagery in youth baseball players. One hundred thirty-eight young baseball players (6–14 years old) were divided into 4 age groups. Tee and

batting with a stationary tee stand and machine were used in the batting trials. In addition, the participants did an imagery task of hitting the optimal point of a ball where they wanted to impact it. To clarify the difference between the image trial and actual batting (tee and ), the absolute error distance (AED) was calculated by subtracting the impact distance of the image trial from that of the actual batting. Two-way analysis of variance (4 age groups × tee and images) revealed that the AED was significantly lower in the 11- to 12-year-old players than in the 6- to 8-year-old players (p < 0.001). The relationships between the tee and images showed a significant correlation in all 4 groups (6–8 years old: r = 0.445, 9–10 years old: r = 0.495, 11–12 years old: r = 0.589, and 13–14 years old: r = 0.804; all groups: p < 0.001) and that tee and batting imagery appears unchanged as age increases. However, batting imagery seems to develop around 11-12 years old, and at the age group of 13-14 years old players are able to impact the same position on the bat regardless of the batting trials.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify specific movement methods for adjusting the timing. It is used the timing practice of spikes of volleyball as a condition of the trials. Subjects take off from one stepping approach for a hand-thrown and catching the ball with both hands in the air while adjusting the timing. The main results are as follows: 1)For adjusting the timing, it was found necessary to use some movement as a preparatory action to obtain the appropriate movement start. 2)The forward tilt and the rocking movement of the trunk and relaxed arms or hands lead to adjusting the timing on a higher . 3)The stepping forward and pulling movements of the foot, short stepping, and knee flexion were critical to increasing the number of successes in adjusting the timing task regardless of the height of the . 4)From the results of 2) and 3), it was found that there were different phases to increase the number of successes in adjusting the timing task on a high . The first was the base phase of movement centered on the trunk. The second was an application phase of movement centered on the foot.

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The purpose of this study was to acquire the knowledge of coaching concerning jump of the setter. This study analyzed the transformation of motion by repetition training for acquisition of better jump techniques. A college male volleyball player repeated the jump 5000 times in this training. Through observation of preparatory phase for motion, this study analyzed the relation between the number of repetitions and the resulting transformation of motion. Results obtained are as follows: 1) As for the good position for the jump (front, center, back）. a. The good setting was center position. This position increased through about 2500 times practice. b. When the setter was in this good setting position, the rate of successful tossing increased. c. The rate of successful tossing increased through about 5000 times practice. 2) As for the vertical good bodily positions (low, middle, high）. a. The good setting was high position. This position increased through about 2500 times practice. b. When it was good setting position, it was high position and the rate of successful tossing increased. c. When the setter tossed in the high position, the trajectory of was ideal. 3) As for the transformation of compensational motion a. The compensational motion with the arms and the legs decreases through about 5000 times practice. b. Even if the rate of successful tossing increased, the compensational motion appeared again. 4) Transformation of time for taking off. a. The time required for taking off decreased through about 2500 times practice. b. The time for taking off influences jumping height. Moreover, few transformations of motion were seen in the first term. They increased in the middle term, and the rate of successful tossing increased in the last term. Finally, the ability of space criterion for timing improved ahead of the ability of time criterion for timing.

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This study aims to realize a pick-and-

operation that can replace pick-and-place, thereby allowing the robot to expand its work range and perform tasks more efficiently. While pick-and- improves the speed of object arrangement tasks, the placement environment influences the success or failure of the tossing operation. Therefore, to achieve quick and accurate object arrangement tasks, we propose to determine the preferred operation from pick-and-place and pick-and- tasks by considering the task difficulty estimated from the target placement environment. The proposed method can simultaneously acquire the tossing trajectory through self-supervised learning and the task decision policy through a blue force search. Our experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulations and real-world experiments of arrangement tasks for several different rectangular shapes.

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    The purpose of this study was to clarify visual search behavior and decision time in continuous decision tasks of the

direction and spike course in volleyball. Volleyball players, ball game players, and non-ball game players (10 in each group) wearing eye-movement trackers watched video images of combination attacks from three directions and made decision about whether the direction was left or right and the spike course was straight or cross. The results revealed the following:
    1) In comparison to ball game and non-ball game players, volleyball players had a faster decision time for direction and the spike course. Furthermore, volleyball players made excellent decision-making even in situations involving continuous decisions.
    2) Volleyball players have quiet eye characteristics. In other words, they gaze for long periods at the body, including the face, and torso of players, including setters and spikers who pass the ball.
    3) It was revealed that after deciding the direction, volleyball players quickly glance at the spiker before the spiker steps in with both his feet and decide the spike course from the opponentʼs upper-body turn or arm swing.

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In the present paper the author tried to clarify the structure of volley-ball class from the viewpoints of form and teaching of skills of volley-ball. The data were collected by the use of V.T.R. in volley-ball classes for the first grade at A and B Senior High Schools for 8 school hours. And then they have been arranged by a Series of Time (i.e. Barnes's Motion and Time Study) to make clear (1) What basic elements the structure of volley-ball class consists of, and (2) through what exercises each skill of volley-ball is taught and how each skill is synthetically taught in actual class. The results are as follows : 1) At A High School, skills of volley-ball are analyzed into various basic one, and system-attired. and then synthesized so that students may obtain and develop each skill systematically through 8 school hours On the other hand, at B High School, such basic skills are repeatedly taught and exercised hot separately but organically. 2 ) The ways of the exercises of skills are considerably different in both schools. Especially at A School, skills are taught through the process of concentration and development so that students may master them automatically. 3) Judging from (1) and (2), the ways of the exercises of each skill which may be thought of as a mail object in each class, and the number how many times students play it are different. It is more remarkable that at B School '' and 'attack' are not taught at all through 8 school hours. 4) The game was performed several times as a final part of volley-ball class at the sixth, seventh, all eight periods at both schools. But as a game may be thought of as the place where the students can estimate themselves whether or not they could sufficiently obtain skills of volley-ball, and where teachers themselves can reflect on the method of their teaching and exercises, it is very important for developing the skills of the students to decide when the game should be performed in the unit of volley-ball.

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A considerable amount of studies on the volleyball skills has been reported. However, the informations on the method of kinematographic analysis are quite scarce. Although the literature such as Ishiguro, Yamamoto, Takahashi, Miura, and Kawai are serving as the source of information in this particular area, the accumulated results may be still insufficient. Especially on the passing and spiking motions which should be one of the most fundamental skills in volleyball, there is no information available based upon kinesiological analysis. While players move unconsciously of their forms, it is of no practical use to give instructions about the body movements to hem while playing. Johnson insists that at least four factors are necessary to take into consideration as the variables of skills of an exercise, namely speed, accuracy, form and adaptability, upon an analysis of woodcutter contests. The present report intends to analyze the components in passing, tossing, and spiking in the sport of volleyball by use of kinematographic analysis, and to obtain some useful in formations in objectively instructing basic skills of volleyball.

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We consider the distributed setting of N autonomous mobile robots that operate in Look-Compute-Move (LCM) cycles and communicate with other robots using colored lights (the robots with lights model. This model assumes obstructed visibility where a robot cannot see another robot if a third robot is positioned between them on the straight line connecting them. In this paper, we consider robot movements to be on a grid (integer plane) of unbounded size. In any given step a robot positioned at a grid point can move only to an adjacent grid point to its north, south, east or west. The grid setting naturally discretizes the 2-dimensional plane and finds applications in many real-life robotic systems. The Complete Visibility problem is to reposition N autonomous robots (starting at arbitrary, but distinct, initial positions) so that, on termination, each robot is visible to all others. The objective in this problem is to simultaneously minimize (or provide trade-off between) two fundamental performance metrics: (i) time to solve Complete Visibility and (ii) area occupied by the solution. We also consider the number of distinct colors used by each robot light. We provide the first O(max{D,N})-time algorithm for Complete Visibility in the asynchronous setting, where D is the diameter of the initial configuration. The area occupied by the final configuration is O(N^2); both the time and area are optimal. The time is randomized if no symmetry breaking mechanism is available for the robots. The number of colors used in our algorithm depends on whether leader election is required or not: (i) 17 colors if leader election is not required and (ii) 32 colors if leader election is required.

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The present study was conducted to analyze the visual behavior of volleyball players using a wearable camera, instead of the expensive eye trackers that have been employed to date. The position of the player's forehead, i.e. the direction of the line of sight, was estimated approximately from the images recorded by the camera (pilot studies 1 and 2). We then examined differences in the player's gaze shift patterns, ball pursuit time and initial spiker fixation when blocking the volleyball, as a function of experience in playing volleyball (main study). The results from pilot studies 1 and 2 indicated that the ball pursuit time from just after release of the ball by the setter and the time taken to fix on the spiker, i.e. the time between the blocker's eyes leaving the ball and shifting to the spiker, was measured as accurately by the wearable camera as by using an eye tracker. The main study indicated that gaze shift pattern was separable into “gaze shift” (volleyball players, 100% and general sports players, 47.8%) and “ball pursuit” types (general sports players, 52.2%) indicative of skills based differences. However, there was no detectable difference in the time when players shifted their sight from the ball, or in the time when they saw the spiker, according to skills based on prior volleyball experience. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that it is possible to estimate visual behavior during blocking tasks in volleyball using a less expensive wearable camera, rather than an expensive eye tracker.

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To shorten the work time (cycle time) of the conventional pick-and-place operation by robots, we propose a method for a robot to achieve pick-and-

operation through learning. In this paper, for simplicity, the optimal hand opening width and arm joint velocity are obtained by learning for a tossing motion with a reduced amount of rotation to the target box. In particular, by considering whether or not the projectile made contact with the side walls of the box before landing, we achieve an efficient learning method. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is possible to learn the tossing motion. Further, we discuss the efficacy in terms of the cycle time and the operating range of pick-and-.

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We review the single-crystalline film growth techniques for transparent oxide semiconductors including ITO, NiO:Li, InGaO₃(ZnO)_m and LaCuOS on single-crystalline YSZ substrates. Single-crystalline ITO films were grown by a PLD method at 900°C, whereas those of NiO:Li, InGaO₃(ZnO)_m and LaCuOS were not obtained by a simple PLD process. Their chemical compositions are difficult to control because high vapor pressure elements evaporate much faster than lower vapor pressure elements. Thus, we used a solid-phase epitaxy, where polycrystalline epitaxial films deposited at room temperature were converted to single-crystalline by thermal annealing. It successfully led to the formation of single-crystalline NiO:Li films. In reactive solid-phase epitaxy (R-SPE) for InGaO₃(ZnO)_m and LaCuOS, it is necessary, in addition to the thermal anneal, to form an epitaxial template layer before the film deposition. As the layers subsequently deposited on a template layer are amorphous or polycrystalline, chemical composition of the epitaxial films can be controlled.

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The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and rate of jump types in male volleyball games. Sixteen professional volleyball games in eight teams were recorded by the digital videos（60f/s）. The offensive and defensive jumps in each position were separated into the five jump types（attack, block, jump , serve and trick jump）by a professional coach. The frequency and rate of jump types in each position were as followings 1）In the frequency of the jumps While setter（S）jumped more than wing spiker（WS）and opposite（OP）did（p ＜0.01），libelo（L）jumped less than wing spiker（WS）, middle blocker（MB）and opposite（OP）（p＜0.001）. 2）The type of jumps S（block 21.2%, jump 68.1%）and L（jump 100%）mostly performed their own positions. WS（attack 38.9%, block 41.0%, serve 19.8%）, MB（attack 8.4%, trick jump 26.2%, block 53.5%, serve 11.9%）and OP（attack 49.3%, block 34.2%, serve 16.5%）performed various jumps. The results showed that volleyball is an intermittent sport that combines offensive and defensive phases of play. While players should be required to jump vertically as high as they are capable of doing, it is necessary for players to develop various jump abilities depending on their positions.

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症候性頭蓋内動脈狭窄患者において,ワルファリンはアスピリンに比べて死亡や出血のリスクが大きく,安全性に問題があるので推奨できず,アスピリンはワルファリンより安全であるが,脳卒中予防効果が不十分である.アスピリンとシロスタゾールの併用は,アスピリン単独に比べて狭窄進展阻止効果に優れていると報告されたが,脳卒中予防効果は不明である.日本で,アスピリン・シロスタゾール併用療法とアスピリン単独療法の狭窄進展阻止効果と虚血性・出血性イベントに及ぼす効果を検討する臨床試験(CATHARSIS)が進行中である.CATHARSISは,best medical treatmentの確立と将来の血管内治療との比較試験に有力な情報を提供する多施設共同研究として期待されている.

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Athletes who spend more time planning and executing plays can anticipate the outcome of their reactions more quickly and accurately, thus increasing the likelihood of effective plays. Video stimuli that replicate real sports have been used to study players’ reactions toward stimuli in various sports. However, the low frame rates of the video stimuli used in previous studies have resulted in errors when measuring reaction time. Further, a video display delay occurs in experiments where computers are used. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel and accurate reaction time measurement system to solve these problems. A video taken with a high-speed camera was used as the stimulus video to enable measurement of the time from the keyframe to the response. A marker was displayed on the computer screen during the keyframe in the stimulus video and was detected by a photosensor attached to the computer to compensate for video display delay. Using the new measurement system, the time required for a block maneuver reaction by volleyball players, known as the block reaction time (BRT), was measured in 15 male collegiate volleyball players. The BRTs were 0.214 ± 0.051, 0.616 ± 0.150, and 0.233 ± 0.065 s against the left, center, and right attacks, respectively. The measured BRTs were shorter than those measured using light stimuli in previous studies, probably because participants in this study were able to predict the direction of the ball

using cues gleaned from the setter’s preliminary movements.

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^99mTc-DTPA-galactosyl human serum albumin肝シンチグラフィ(以下, GSAシンチと略す)は主として成人領域において肝予備能評価に有用とされ, その指標として主にHH_15とLHL_15が用いられている.今回我々は小児を対象としてGSAシンチを施行し, 従来の指標の他にアイソトープの肝への集積速度に着目した指標を加え, GSAシンチの有用性を検討した.肝機能異常を疑われた小児31例に, のべ42回のGSAシンチを施行した.30分間のダイナミック収集を行い心および肝の時間-放射能曲線から, HH_15, LHL_15および心放射能+肝放射能に対する肝放射能の比が0.85になる時間T_<O.85>(分)を算出し, 各指標と血液生化学検査値との相関を調べた.同時期に肝生検を施行した20例ではその病理組織所見と各指標値を比較検討した.さらにT_<0.85>が5分未満のものを第I群(n=19), 5分以上10分未満のものを第II群(n=9), 10分以上のものを第III群(n=14)としてT_<0.85>とHH_<15>, LHL_<15gt;との関連を比較した.LHL_<15gt;, T_<0.85>はChE, AlbおよびHPTと, HH_<15>はPT指数, ChEと相関を認めた.病理組織所見では線維化と炎症の進行に伴い, いずれの指標も悪化する傾向がみられた.T_<0.85>とHH_<15>の間には有意な正の相関(r=0.76)を, T_<0.85>とLHL_<15gt;には有意な負の相関(r=-0.97)を認めた.HH_<15>, LHL_<15>は第I群に属する全例が正常(HH_<15>≦0.54, LHL_<15>≧0.94)であったが, 第III群に属する14例中11例がともに異常値を示した.第III群中T_<0.85>が15分以上のものは6例で, うち4例が肝移植の適応となった.GSAシンチは小児においても肝予備能評価に有用であり, T_<0.85>に基づいた臨床病期分類(第I&acd;III群)は肝移植の適応を含めた治療方針の決定に有用と考えられた.

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Aim: The prognoses of symptomatic and asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis(ICAS) differ. Understanding the underlying pathomechanisms and predictors of progression or regression may help to clarify the differences. We herein attempted to compare the course and predictors of symptomatic ICAS to those of coexisting asymptomatic ICAS.
Methods: This was a post-hoc analysis of the ‘Trials of Cilostazol in Symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis-2(-2)’ study, which recruited patients with acute symptomatic ICAS receiving intensive medical treatment. Changes in the status of ICAS were classified as being indicative of regression, progression or no changes. Univariate and multivariate ordinal regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of symptomatic and asymptomatic ICAS based on clinical, laboratory and radiologic data.
Results: Of the 409 patients, symptomatic ICAS demonstrated regression in 110(27%) cases and progression in 52(13%) cases. Among these patients, 250(61.1%) had asymptomatic ICAS, which regressed in 38(15%) cases and progressed in 16(6%) cases. Severe baseline stenosis, a high highdensity lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol level and the use of cilostazol were found to be independently associated with a favorable course of symptomatic ICAS(p＜0.001, p=0.005 and p=0.038, respectively). Regarding asymptomatic ICAS, severe stenosis, the use of angiotensin receptor antagonists and a low fasting glucose level were associated with a favorable course(p＜0.001, p=0.011 and p=0.007, respectively).
Conclusions: Changes in atherosclerosis are more dynamic in patients with symptomatic ICAS, and the predictors of symptomatic and asymptomatic ICAS differ. In this study, changes in the status of symptomatic ICAS were associated with the level of HDL cholesterol, which is known to affect the regression of atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling.

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The population dependency of measles, syphilis, and amebiasis was expressed as P = kN^m, where P, N, and m were number of patients, population size, and a constant (～2 for measles, and 1.3～1.4 for syphilis and amebiasis), respectively. The population size dependency emerged only when conditions other than population size, such as infant mortality, hygienic condition, vaccination practices, and others, improved to the same level in all the prefectures in Japan. The formation of prefectures and municipalities was well simulated by the random coin

assuming that people are attracted to a community with a probability proportional to the number of the residents to the 1.3rd power. When the number of inflow population was plotted against the number of the resident population in a prefecture, or when the number of coins that were added in a round was plotted against the number of coins that were present before the coin , the plots fell on a straight line with the slope ～1.3, which was almost the same as the slope obtained when the number of cases of syphilis or amebiasis was plotted against the population size.

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