The aim of present study is to investigate the nature meaning of the relationship between macroscopic -web structure its hierarchical -silk structures, and their deformation and fracture behavior. Firstly, we observe the macroscopic -web structure using digital camera and the -silk structures using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Secondarily, we attempt to develop the tensile machine for micro-fiber and investigate the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of -silk using developed tensile machine.

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The rapid increase in the incidence of redback bites has highlighted the need to identify areas with a risk of bites in order to implement effective pest control. We have been conducting redback distribution surveys in public areas and residential districts since 1995, when the introduction and establishment of redback populations in Osaka Prefecture were confirmed. The data on the number of collected female spiders obtained in these surveys were categorized according to town/street, year, and residential estate. Geographic information systems were used to develop a distribution map showing the range of habitation, status of dispersal, and habitation density of these spiders. We also developed a distribution map showing the incidence of biting cases by redback from the time they were first discovered through 2008.
Superimposition of this map over the redback distribution map showed that the incidence of bites was high in areas where the populations have long been established, and that bites were also occurring where the population have increased over the past few years.
Assessment of the relationship between habitation density and bite incidence revealed that the incidence is higher in town/streets from where more than 101 spiders were collected, and also even in residential estates from where more than 2 spiders per 1,000 m².

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The aim of present study is to investigate the nature meaning of relationship between macroscopic -web structure and its hierarchical structures at lower level. Firstly, we observe the macroscopic -web structure by using digital camera and the -silk structure at several lower levels by using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Secondarily, we attempt to develop the tensile machine for micro-fiber and investigate the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of -silk by using developed the tensile machine.

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This paper is concerned with realizing universal walking on regular ground by robot as a . First, walking of a was observed and then, its pattern was examined. Secondly, the walking motion of a robot with 8-legs was implemented experimentally, and then it walked on the floor actually. It was confirmed that it could walk to the advance, the revolution and so on. Also, the usefulness of 8-legged walking was shown through evaluation of stability margin. Finally, as the first step to a walk of a creatural , the simulation of the velocity control for walking which was adaptive for the environment was tested for fatigue, fear and so on by using the neural network.

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It has been reported that the mechanical properties of threads are almost comparable to the best man-made fibers such as aramid fibers. In this paper, the effects of ultraviolet ray (UV) and quasi-acid rain on the mechanical properties of silk produced by Nephila clavata, so called Jorougumo, were investigated to elucidate the environmental effect on the fibers. It was shown that (1) acid rain lower than pH 4, which is often the case at present, did not reduce the tensile strength of the drag line much and (2) UV irradiation induced the degradation of the thread. These results may be of value in the assessment of the environment of inhabitant.

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In the polymer processing, weld-lines often occur and cause the degradation of the mechanical and optical properties of products. These properties are degraded when the polymer molecules near the weld-line highly orient owing to the elongational flow and the orientation is fixed by solidification of the polymer melts before it returns to a random condition. In the present paper, the viscoelastic welding flow was numerically calculated for analyzing the molecular orientation in the weld-line region. The numerical simulation of the flow around a supporting a mandrel was carried out using the single-mode Giesekus model as a constitutive equation. The effects of the shape and viscoelastic properties of polymer melts on the anisotropy of the molecular orientation at the weld-line were analyzed. The calculation was carried out for three shapes, i.e. the -rear-end-angle θ₂=30°, 45°, and 60°. The numerical results showed a simple modification of θ₂ suppressed the elongational rate, the stress, and the maximum value of the degree of the molecular orientation near the rear end, where the weld-line occurred. When the Weissenberg number is large and the influence of shear-thinning is great, the maximum value of the elongational rate was sensitive to θ₂ Especially at large Weissenberg number (=2.4), the elongational stress was reduced more effectively using the of the case that θ₂=60°.

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The adhesion of a mite to a surface of a flat smooth plate is investigated as a model for micromachine parts to adhere to and move on such surfaces. The measurement of adhesive force is carried out under various conditions in which plate material, surface roughness of a plate and environmental humidity are differed. The adhesion mechanism is also discussed. Of the forces acting between a mite and a surface, one from dispersion interaction is the most dominant because (1) there is a high correlation between the adhesive force and the dispersion force component of surface energy with adhesive forces of 8.2µN for glass, 9.7µN for mica, 9.9µN for silicon and 12.1µN for gold, and because (2) high humidity and high surface roughness reduce the adhesive force. For strong adhesion based on work of adhesion, mites have tenent hairs with a bell-shaped end.

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This paper aims at realization of the walk of a as an organism, and intends to construct a robot that can walk with its 8 legs in cooperation with each other by adapting itself to various types of environmental information. A as an organism can walk on a variety of places by corresponding to a variety of environment. With the aid of neural networks and fuzzy control, decision-making or realization of the environment-adaptive walk is done. Utilizing the distance to the destination or fear information as surrounding environmental information, a report is hereby released with respect to the computer simulation and experimental result of walks ambiguously expressed in such a manner as “gradually accelerate speed" or “walk so as not to be tired."

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, the key component of the AFA3G cluster control assemblies (RCCA), is brazed with body, vanes and fingers. Vacuum brazing is crucial in the process and it is directly relevant to the final product quality. This paper analyze the deformation of the AFA3G in vacuum brazing procedure based on a large amount of data. The results indicate that the parallelism of the finger is most affected by the brazing and its deformation has obvious regularity. Deformation is mainly caused by the different contraction directions of components along with the interactions among them during cooling process. An optimized design of the brazing fixture based on the regularity and the value of the deformation greatly improves the parallelism of the fingers. Besides, the vacuum brazing procedure also affects the hole diameter of the finger, however, we could reduce the deformation by using columnar pin on the brazing fixture.

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In the polymer processing operations of extrusion and blow molding, weld-lines often occur on the product, especially on the parison made by extruding polymer melts. This is because the polymer molecules near the weld-line highly orient owing to the elongational flow and the molecular orientation does not relax. In the present paper, the non-isothermal viscoelastic welding flow in the channel with a that supports a mandrel was numerically calculated for analyzing the molecular orientation in the weld-line region. The single-mode Giesekus model was used as a constitutive equation. The effect of the temperature on the velocity, the stress and the molecular orientation in the stress relaxation process at the weld-line was analyzed. The calculations were carried out for the channel wall temperatures T_w=190, 195, 200, and 205°C at the inlet temperature T_l=190°C. The numerical results showed that the overshoot of the velocity along the centerline downstream of the was large when the channel wall temperature was high. For a fluid with remarkable shear-thinning property, the with a large rear-end-angle suppressed the overshoot in the case of T_w=205°C. When the wall temperature was high, the distance necessary for relaxation of molecular orientation were short, thus little anisotropy remained in the weld region after solidification.

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Weld-lines degrade the mechanical and optical properties of products. This is because the polymer molecules near the weld-line highly orient owing to the elongational flow and the molecular orientation is fixed by solidification of the polymer melts before it returns to a random condition. Birefringence experiments were, therefore, carried out for welding flows of a low density polyethylene (LDPE) past a supporting a mandrel. The die used in the present study has a glass window to observe the birefringence pattern. The birefringence in the polymer melts was measured by the photoelastic method. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the effect of the die temperature, shapes and a viscoelastic property of polymer melts on the anisotropy of the molecular orientation in the stress relaxation process downstream of the . The birefringence pattern in the welding flow of LDPE was measured at the die temperature T_d=190, 205°C and the polymer melts temperature T_p=19O°C for flow rates of 0.7, 1.0, 2.2, 2.9, 4.6cm³/s. The results showed that complete relaxation of birefringence depended on the flow rate. For high die temperature (205°C), the distance necessary for the relaxation of molecular orientation was short. Moreover, the birefringence pattern in the welding flow was numerically calculated using the single-mode Giesekus model as a constitutive equation, and the results were compared with the experimental data. The numerical predictions agreed with the experimental results.

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This study aimed to determine the mode of action of pyflubumide, a novel acaricide under development by Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd. Because of its structural similarity to succinate-dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides, its ability to inhibit mitochondrial complex II was investigated. Pyflubumide exhibited low inhibitory activity on mite mitochondria; conversely, its deacylated metabolite (NH-form) showed high mitochondrial inhibitory activity. Pyflubumide was quickly metabolized to its NH-form in the homogenate of mites. These results suggest that pyflubumide is a prodrug and that the NH-form is active. Indeed, the NH-form of pyflubumide and the OH-form of cyenopyrafen, a complex II inhibitory acaricide, act on the same enzyme; a double-inhibitor titration assay showed that the binding sites on mitochondrial complex II and/or the manners of binding of these compounds exhibit clear differences. This finding suggests that these two acaricides should be classified into different groups in terms of their mode of action.

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はじめに　奥田らは体重免荷装置The （以下、）での自動介助運動が、重症心身障害者の有意な関節可動域改善を報告している。による関節可動域改善、筋緊張緩和によりオムツ交換の介助負担感を軽減できるのではないかと考える。　目的　はオムツ交換の介助負担感軽減に有効かを検討する。　方法　対象は当センター入所者10名。の実施方法は、座位にて体重を3/4免荷しボールの上で上下運動を10分間他動介助運動にて行った。オムツ交換の介助負担感の評価はVisual Analogue Scale（以下、VAS）を病棟スタッフに実施し数値化した。股関節屈曲外転外旋の痙縮をModified Ashworth Scale（以下、MAS）にて、下肢の関節可動域角度（以下、ROM）を他動にて実施前後に測定した。は週に1度実施し、計12回実施した。　結果　実施中に1名を骨折により研究から除外した。VASでは9名中6名に改善が認められた。そのうち1名に有意な改善が認められた。ROMでは、股関節屈曲可動域では18肢中9肢、股関節外転可動域では18肢中3肢、股関節外旋可動域では18肢中3肢に有意な差が認められた。MASでは実施前後で18肢中16肢の筋緊張低下が認められたが有意差はなかった。　考察　VASでは、実施前後でのオムツ交換の介助負担感軽減が示唆された。これは、ROMでの股関節屈曲可動域に有意な差が認められやすかったこと、また、MASでの筋緊張改善が示唆されことによるものと考えられる。これは、奥田らの先行研究と同様に二関節筋の過活動が抑制され、単関節筋の筋活動の向上によるものと考えられる。しかし、オムツ交換の介助負担感においては、関節可動域と筋緊張だけではない要因（側臥位の姿勢保持困難・感覚過敏）も考えられた。　まとめ　体重免荷環境での他動介助運動はオムツ交換の介助負担感軽減が示唆された。今後も継続的に評価・実施し、重症心身障害者のQOL 向上に貢献していきたい。　

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目的　GMFCSレベルIII〜Vの脳性麻痺児（者）の粗大運動機能は学齢期にピークを迎え、成人期にかけて低下すると報告されている。関節拘縮・筋力低下等の二次障害の進行を予防し、成人期においてもピークに近い運動機能を維持することは重要である。近年、脳性麻痺児（者）の能動的な運動を促進する機器としてが使用される機会が増えている。今回、の使用が成人脳性麻痺者の運動機能に及ぼす影響について3軸加速度計を用いた検討を行ったので報告する。　対象と方法　対象者1：42歳男性、対象者2：28歳男性。いずれも診断名は脳性麻痺であり、GMFCSレベルIII。つかまり立ちが可能であるが自立立位保持は困難。両膝関節屈曲拘縮・両足関節底屈拘縮を有する。対象者1では立ち上がり動作に努力を要し、対象者2では起き上がり動作・立ち上がり動作に努力を要する。対象者1では使用有り・無しでの立ち上がり動作中に、対象者2ではを使用した立位保持練習（15分）前後の起き上がり動作中に3軸加速度計を用いて加速度変化を計測し、の使用が起居動作能力に及ぼす影響について検討した。研究の実施に際しては本人および保護者に研究内容の説明を行い文書にて同意を得た。　結果　対象者1：立ち上がり動作においてを使用した場合に動作時の重心動揺が減少し動作時間が短縮した。　対象者2：使用後に起き上がり時の重心動揺が減少し動作時間が短縮した。　考察　重度脳性麻痺児（者）では立位等の重力に抗して大きな筋活動が必要とされる動作時に、多関節筋の過活動により支持性を得ることがあるが、この際には運動の円滑さを得にくい。を使用した運動では下肢筋群の過活動が軽減すると考えられる。今回の結果ではの使用中および使用後の動作において重心動揺が減少し動作時間の短縮がみられ、を使用した運動が重度脳性麻痺児（者）の起居動作能力向上に寄与することが推察された。　

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Recently, researchers have been interested in silk for use in new materials for textile fibers, sutures, and violin strings because of its excellent safety and mechanical, thermal and UV-resistant properties. About 35 years ago, there were few studies on the physico-chemical properties of silk because of difficulties in collecting it directly from spiders. Since then, the author has studied their physico-chemical properties of silk. As a result, he found interesting results, such as on the heat-resistivity, elastic modulus, UV-resistivity, safety, and molecular weight of silk. He also succeeded in suspending his own body weight with silk and preparing silk violin strings with a unique packing structure, which provided a soft and profound timbre. Finally, he showed the possibility of mass production of silk using genetic technology.

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Objective: Carotid artery stenting is performed using a device for preventing distal embolism because vasodilation-related debris may cause cerebral infarction. Concerning filters for preventing embolism, membrane-type filters have been used, but mesh-type filters became commercially available. We have selected filter-assisted stenting as a first-choice procedure. We examined post-treatment filters under a microscope, and reviewed the pathogenesis of distal embolism.

Methods: The subjects were 83 patients in whom carotid artery stenting with a filter was performed, and filters could be examined after surgery (Angioguard XP [AG; Cordis Corporation, Miami Lakes, FL, USA]: 25 patients, Filterwire EZ [FW; Boston Scientific, Natick MA, USA]: 32, and

FX [; Covidien, Dublin, Ireland]: 26). After treatment, the filters were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), separated from the struts, and embedded in preparations for microscopic observation. Debris was classified into plaque-derived and fibrin-formation types, and quantified as an area using computer software. Distal embolism was evaluated based on intraoperative flow impairment, postoperative symptoms, and perioperative diagnostic imaging findings.

Results: Intraoperative flow impairment was noted in six patients (24%) in the AG group, five (15.6%) in the FW group, and one (3.8%) in the

group. Cerebral infarction was observed in three (12%), two (6.3%), and two (7.6%) patients, respectively. There were no differences in the volume of plaque-derived debris, but the volume of fibrin-formation-type debris was more in the AG group. As a result, the volume of debris collected was more. In the group, the volume of fibrin-formation-type debris was minimum.

Conclusion: Functions differed between the membrane-type and mesh-type filters. Considering their performance, these filters should be used.

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The paper describes the following items ; (a) the construction of orb-web, (b) the chemical composition of secretions and the adhesive materials, (c) the toxin of , (d) the courtship and ferromon, (e) the thermal properties of 's drag line, (f) the change in color of drag line. For example, the toxin of contains spermine whose existence is detected in human semen. The DSC curve between room temperature and 600°C shows that the 's thread should be at least stable up to 200°C. The color of drag line changes from white to yellow with changing seasons from summer to autumn. The fact suggests a possibility that the color of 's thread protects the from foreign invaders.

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1995年11月大阪湾沿岸でセアカゴケグモの生息が確認された．1996年から始まった本格的な生息調査の結果に基づき，地理情報システムGISを用いて，生息確認地を住所（番地）別に図化した．1997年から2002年の各年毎に，新しい浸淫地点と最短距離にあるそれ以前の浸淫地点を結び，その直線を年度別に色分けして浸淫地の拡散の状況を示した．移動距離や移動方向を推定するため，0.1km以下，0.1-0.3km未満，0.3-0.5km未満，0.5-1km未満，1km以上の距離別に５段階に分けて図化し，描かれた diagramのパターンで特徴を検討した．この結果，セアカゴケグモの移動・拡散は自力，あるいは車，バイク，自転車など交通機関によるもので，子グモが糸を放出して風に乗る空中飛行ではないと考えられる．今後限定された調査地域での移動距離に関する実験結果との比較が期待される．

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This paper represents a coil winding system of contact-less power transfer for transmitting electric power required for rotor levitation. This proposed system substitutes permanent magnets by rare earth with rotation control. In the previous studies, the problem encountered with limitations of dimensions while winding a coil around stator or rotor. This proposed coil winding method offers better solution by increasing number of turns 70% greater than that of flat spiral coil when the diameter of winding material is same. On the other hand, the proposed method with increased number of coil turns helps to transmit more electric power. In case of coil winding system, the rotor levitation force was found 7 times higher than conventional coil winding system. This new system also helps to stabilize the levitation of rotor by providing required magnetic force. The validity of this proposed coil winding system was confirmed by performing various experiments and comparing the results with conventional and spiral coil winding system.

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In a study to solve a mystery of venom toxicity of the joro , Nephila clavata, we purified and identified novel toxins such as clavamine, spidamine and joramine. Chemical analyses, bioassays and physical analyses were specifically elaborated in these procedures. The structure-activity relationship of the toxins was discussed biologically and chemically in comparison with the other toxins. We considered that the diversity of the joro toxins by reserving 2, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl-L-asparaginylcadaverine as a common moiety gave rise to an important insight into not only the toxic reaction, but also the ontology.

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