In this paper, I argue that feedback during processing instruction (PI) plays a crucial role in enhancing the receptive and productive abilities of L2 grammar among Japanese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). The present study compared three types of PI: PI with teacher feedback and explanation, PI with feedback and without explanation, and PI without feedback or explanation. This study also compared their effects on Japanese high school students' development in the comprehension and production of the English present hypothetical conditional. During PI, when students were pushed to make form-meaning connections in the target form through a series of listening and reading practices, they did not produce any outputs. The results showed that students in the PI [+feedback, –explanation] condition outperformed those in the PI [–feedback, –explanation] condition, as measured by comprehension and production tests. This result is discussed in relation to Carroll's (2001) Autonomous Induction Theory. The findings also indicated that students in the PI [+feedback, +explanation] condition outperformed those in the PI [+feedback, –explanation] condition, as measured by the comprehension test. This result supports the use of explicit grammar instruction in Japanese EFL classrooms.

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Some schizophrenics experience difficulty in explaining precisely their physical condition because of their blunted senses of fatigue and malaise. In this case presentation, using Borg's scale, we examined the effect of a physical therapy program on the sense of perceived fatigue in two male outpatient cases with residual schizophrenia over 6 years. Case 1 showed that the HR and the RPE linearly increased as the exercise strength increased after year 2. On the other hand, case 2's changes in RPE were not parallel to linear increases in HR, and consistently expressed a certain range of exercise as "light" and ended with ", hard" which continued over 6 years. These results suggested that the long period of continuing repetitive physical therapy in case 1 caused habituation to the exercise and he became aware of physical responses, and these resulted in an improvement of RPE. We suggest that awareness of the degree of a patient's ability of expression through the observation of changes in RPE could provide a useful clue for advancing various therapeutic programs for patients with residual schizophrenia.

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慢性閉塞性肺疾患 (COPD) 患者の呼吸困難と吸気筋機能の関係について検討した. 対象はCOPD患者8例であり平均年齢64歳, 平均1秒量0.62Lである. 経横隔膜圧差 (Pdi) を食道胃バルーン法で, 横隔膜筋電図を食道誘導電極を用い, 胸鎖乳突筋筋電図を表面電極で測定した. 高速フーリエ変換を用いて高周波成分 (150～350Hz) と低周波成分 (20～47Hz) の比 (H/L比) を, さらに各々の積分値を計算した. H/L比が20%以上低下した時を呼吸筋疲労とした. 呼吸困難の評価にボルグスケールを用い, 運動負荷は, トレッドミルによる3分毎の多段階負荷法で行った. 呼吸困難が最大に達したとき運動を中断した. 8人中6人で最大負荷時に横隔膜疲労を認めた. しかし運動中の呼吸困難は横隔膜の活動よりも胸鎖乳突筋の活動と高い相関関係を認めた. また胸郭の横隔膜以外の吸気筋全体の活動が呼吸困難と強く関連していることが示唆された.

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In Japan, especially in the north-eastern district of Japan, there are a considerable number of hydro-electric plants which have to use acid river water because they are located in volcanic zones. In these electric plants, penstocks, hydraulic turbines and other metallic parts of the equipment are being corroded severely by acid water. Thus, the length of usefulness of such an equipment is greatly reduced, compared with that of similar equipment in other electric plants, which do not suffer from acid water corrosion. The cost for repair and the annual loss of electric power amount to a surprisingly large sum.
The results of analyses of several types of acid river water show pH values at electric plants to be about 5.0 to 3.0. pH values are lower at the upper reaches of the rivers. Acid constituents of acid water are sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, and in rare instances nitric acid. The purpose of our studies is to make clear the mechanism of corrosion and to prevent damage arising from it.

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本稿では条件付確率場に基づく固有表現抽出において，新たなドメインにモデルを適応するためのモデル学習コスト―正解データ作成コスト―を低減する 2 つの学習手法を提案する．本手法では，タグ単位の事後確率をタグ信頼度とみなし，信頼度の低いタグをシステムの解析誤りとして自動的に検出する．そして検出された解析誤りタグのみを修正の対象とするため，文全体の事後確率を利用する場合と比較して，修正が必要である箇所に効率よくコストを注力させることが可能となる．
第 1 の学習手法として，能動学習に本手法を適用すると，システム出力の信頼度が低いタグのみを検出して人手修正対象とすることにより，従来手法と比較して修正コストが 1/3 に低減した．
また，第 2 の学習手法として正解固有表現リストを利用したブートストラップ型学習に適用すると，解析誤りとして検出されたタグの上位候補から半自動的に正解タグを発見可能であった．この学習法では，大量のプレーンテキストから，半自動で正解データを作成できるため，更に学習コストを低減させる効果がある．

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Chiangrai is a city located in the seismic risk area. The recent earthquake with magnitude of 6.3 occurred on May 5, 2014 caused widespread damage to buildings. However, with limitation of engineers, equipment and budget, it is impossible to repair all buildings in the same time. Therefore, this research proposes a method to identify critical buildings and prioritize their repairing requirements using fuzzy logic. The strength of fuzzy logic is that it can approximate the vague information, unable to make decision, to the numerical data. The evaluated factors were composed of building damaged level, indirect impact and building occupancy. With the vague information, the IF-THEN rule based form was adopted to evaluate an important index of each building. Results of the analysis was found that the buildings having more important, severely damaged and high indirect impacts on the community, such as hospital buildings and power plants will be considered with higher priority to repairs. The important indexes of the buildings were 0.718 and 0.500, respectively. For buildings with less important as garage buildings, the important index was 0.114 which identified as non-urgent repair.

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This study investigated the characteristics of grip diameter of baseball bat by subjective evaluation on easiness of grasping and grasping pressure at both hands during bat swing movement. For six baseball players, the easiness of grasping bat grip were measured by subjective evaluation table of seven phases (+3 ;

easiness ~ -3 ; difficult). The grasping pressure on bat grip were measured by strain gage sensor put on sixteen parts on both hand, and the fluctuation of the bat at the ball impact phase were measured by acceleration sensor for three direction put on top of the bat. The used bat in these experiment produced by preliminary measurement if the bat grip size that was the baseball players used in daily practice. The optimum diameter of bat grip was similarly to the diameter used in daily practice. In the characteristics of the grasping pressure during bat swing phase, the integrated grasping pressure exerted the hands showed the high value especially at the middle, ring and little finger. The integrated grasping pressure in the optimum diameter of bat grip showed the tendency the high value compared with another diameter of bat grip. But, in the ball impact phase, the integrated grasping pressure in the optimum diameter of the bat grip showed the lower value.

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We present the physical and psychological effects of a foot joint exercise in a sitting position, as a preliminary experiment to design a foot exercise system for motivating sedentary adults to increase level of their physical activity. The experiment was conducted with four healthy adults performing a cyclic foot joint dorsiflexion exercise in a sitting position. Apart from changes in the blood flow and pulse rate during exercise, affective valence and perceived exertion after exercise were measured. The results indicated that the foot joint dorsiflexion exercise is a low intensity exercise, which does not lead to a change in pulse rate compared to a state of rest. However, the participants’ affective valence and perceived exertion exhibited extensive inter-individual variability. This finding suggests that the foot exercise system need to be designed to account for the possibility of significant individual variations in pleasant/unpleasant emotions, even in the context of light exercise that requires little physical burden.

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本研究は，長時間着座に伴う疲労を対象として，主観的疲労感を反映する生理指標の抽出を目的とした．疲労実験の結果，全身の主観的疲労感は，下腿，腰，臀，大腿の疲労感と関連性が高かった．また，体液循環を反映する生体インピーダンスは，身体各部位で疲労現象の異なることが明らかとなった．

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Japan is in the process of a long-term population decline, and there are concerns that the domestic tourism will shrink due to this population decline. However, as the population of people over 65 years old is estimated to increase until around 2042, the elderly are an important segment of the tourism industry. The number of trips by age group is below average for those aged 70 and older. Health reasons are reported as a disincentive to travel for this age group, which is higher than for other age groups, as is the desire not to be troubled by the inability to keep up with the pace of others. The authors are carrying out research on the derivation of tourism activity ability to promote tourism among the elderly. As part of this study, a preliminary experiment of sightseeing tours was conducted and the fatigue level during sightseeing activities was evaluated by objective and subjective indices. Furthermore, this paper discusses the relationship between the degree of fatigue and the amount of daily activity. From these results, it is possible to obtain the beginning stages of deriving tourism activity ability of the elderly.

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The difference of the course and the blood picture of avitaminosis-B between f-classed (high-classed) and b-classed (low-classed) detoxieating liver power in rabbits was as follows-
1. Course.
(a) The f-classed rabbits. In 2 rabbits (Nos. 1 and 8), none of these symptoms-paresis of the legs, diarrhoea dyspnoea and anorexia-occurred. In the No. 6 rabbit paresis of the legs appeared, but recovered readily by a daily injection of vitamin-B. The No. 5 rabbit died in the middle of the 12th week. In this animal, appetite was very _??_ poor from the beginning of B-avitaminotic feeding, but paresis did not occur.
(b) The b-classed. In 3 rabbits (Nos. 2, 3 and 7), the B-avitaminotic symptoms appeared, namely paresis of the legs, dyspnoea, diarrhoea, anorexia etc. and a daily injection of vitamin-B either with or without yakriton was not successful.
In the No. 4 rabbit, paresis of the legs appeared, but recovered after the administration of vitamin-B.
(c) Difference between f- and b-classed rabbits. In the case of f classed rabbits, it was difficult to make them B-avitaminotic, but once so, it was easy to effect a recovery from the state by the administration of vitamin-B. In b-classed rabbits, it was the reverse, since it was easy to make them B-avitaminotic, but to restore them to the normal state was , difficult.
2. Blood picture.
(a) The f-classed rabbits. An initial leucocytosis, followed by a leucopenia up to about the 5th or the 7th week. Then as the latter half of the course passed on, a slightly increased or normal leucocyte count. Even when paresis of the legs occurred, there was no change of the total number of white cells. In the No. 5 rabbit a moderate leucocytosis continued after the leucopenia until death occurred. In the first half of the course of avitaminosis-B, a remarkable relative and absolute lymphocytosis, and a relative myelopenia. In the second half of the course, the relation between lymphatic and myeloid cells was almost normal. Even when a B-avitaminotic symptom appeared, this relation was almost normal, or only a slight lymphocytosis was present; but this lymphocytosis however disappeared when vitamin-B was administered. As to the nuclear shift, generally, cells of Types I and II decreased, and cells of Types III, IV and V increased, but the shift was restored to normal by the administration of vitamin-B. No. 5 rabbit was an exception to the rule, since a slight shift to the left (about twice the normal in cells of Type I) occurred, and continued until death. Monocytes and basophiles showed an increase in number, but there was no change of eosinophiles in number during almost the whole course.
(b) The b-classed rabbits. In general, an initial leucopenia occurred, then, normal white cell count again. With the appearance of paresis, a moderate or a severe leucocytosis occurred suddenly. As to the relation between lymphatic and a myeloid cells, a lymphopenia and amyelocytosis appeared, and the grade of them grew with the appearance of B-avitaminotic symptoms. Concerning the nuclear shift, a slight shift of degenerative nature was seen from the beginning of the B-avitaminotic experiment, and became suddenly very marked, amounting to about three or four times the normal, with the appearance of B-avitaminotic symptoms. A severe initial eosinophilia was seen in No. 3 rabbit, but in the other animals eosinophiles decreased in number gradually. Dlonocytes and basophiles increased slightly in number during the whole course.
(c) Difference between f- and b-classed rabbits.
In the case of f-classed rabbits, an initial leucocytosis was seen, and in the latter half of the course, the leucocytosis became slighter, but in the case of b-classed animals, leucopenia prevailed almost continuously from the beginning.

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In a configuration bearing a figure/ground relationship the effect of relative area on perceived lightness and perceived illumination was investigated. A gray disk patterned with black or white patches was used as the test field. The relative area of figure (patch) to ground (disk: the test field) was varied by changing the number of patches in the disk. The relative luminance was also varied by changes in Munsell value and illuminance. Subjects made judgments of both lightness and illumination. The results indicated that the effect of relative area was coupled with relative luminance and perceptual dimensions (perceived lightness and illumination): the area only affected perceived lightness of the test disk with higher luminance patch (white patch), but the area did not influence the impression of illumination which was determined by the presence of any higher luminance region: the highest luminance in the display gives a crucial clue in perceiving illumination regardless of its area. However if the largest area is associated with white-appearing, relative area is effective on apparent illumination.

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