This paper examines safety and security in communities from the perspective of context change and contends the importance of breaking free from the prevailing thought. The following six assertions are made. The first assertion is a context change from “unexpected” to “unable to cope”. Second is a context change that separates public help from mutual assistance and self-help. Third is a context change to post-emergency emphasis derived from resilience. Fourth is a context change toward integration of peacetime and emergency. Fifth is a context change to self-help required in life design, and the sixth is a context change in the orientation of communication in risk management.

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Peritrichs are a diverse, ecologically important ciliate group usually with a complex life cycle. To date, the community of the peritrichs has been investigated by using morphology-based methods such as living observation and silver staining. Here we show a molecular approach for characterizing the diversity and quantity of free-living peritrichs in environmental samples. We newly designed four peritrich-specific primers targeting 18S rRNA genes that allow clone library construction, screening and analysis. A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was developed to quantify peritrichs in environmental samples by using rDNA copy number as an indicator. DNA extracted from four water samples of contrasting environmental gradients was analysed. The results showed that the peritrich community was differentiated among these samples, and that the diversity decreased with the increase of water salinity. The qPCR results are consistent with the library sequence analysis in terms of quantity variations from sample to sample. The development of peritrich-specific primers, for the first time, for conventional PCR and qPCR assays, provides useful molecular tools for revealing the diversity and quantity of peritrich ciliates in environmental samples. Also, our study illustrates the potential of these molecular tools to ecological studies of other ciliate groups in diverse environments.

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Under the assumption of an elastic roller, and ignoring the heat transfer problem, in this study we determined explored the distribution of elastic deformation of the roller when the roller contacted with the strip in the rolling area during the rolling process. In addition, in this study, based on the large deformation-large strain theory, the updated Lgrangian formulation(ULF) and the incremental principle were used to develop 3D elastic plastic analytical model of aluminum strip rolling. The flow stress was considered to be a function of strain and strain rate. We also studied the effect of a slightly convex shape of the axial cross section surface of the roller on the flatness of the strip surface. For the main purpose of this study, we used a proposed iteration process to calculate on the elastic contact deformation and the contact face of the roller, when the roller contacted with the strip. An error value was also designated to compare the displacement increments of the strip using two iterations to detemine whether the iteration was terminated. In this study, the extent of elastic deformation of rollers with flat surfaces in the rolling region was used to compensate for the roller radius to produce a slightly convex shape on the roller surface. This reduces the effect of roller deformation on strip shapes. Changes in strip shape were also analyzed.

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This work is mainly an investigation of strip curvature caused by the work roll speed or work roll radius mismatch in the asymmetrical rolling process for an aluminum strip. At the same time, we analyze the variations in the temperature field and strain field, and use the method of speed mismatch of upper and lower work rolls to calibrate the deformation curvature caused by coolant condition mismatch in the hot rolling process. Finally, we will use the strain density theory to predict the possible initial fracture area in the strip. For completeness, all the boundary conditions of heat transfer which may be encountered in a realistic hot rolling process are taken into account, such as heat convection of the surrounding air and the cooling water, boiling phenomenon of cooling water and radiation heat loss. Based on the large deformationlarge strain theory, and by means of the updated Lagrangian formulation (ULF) and incremental theory, a coupled thermo-elastic-plastic analysis model for the hot rolling process is constructed. The flow stress of the material in this model is taken as a function of strain, strain rate and temperature. Finally, the numerical analysis method developed in this study is employed to analyze the changes in the aluminum strip's temperature and other changes during rolling. In addition, the average rolling force obtained from the simulation was compared with that from experiments at China Steel Co., and the model in this study was verified to be reasonable.

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The subject of this paper is the estimation of damping coefficients for an air motor rotation experiment. This paper studies three methods for the calculation of damping coefficients under the air motor rotation experiment, including the proposed inverse model, finite difference model and the application of Laplace transform method to deduce an equation for calculation of damping coefficient. In the air motor rotation experiment, the data of experimental angular velocity and experimental torque can be employed to calculate the damping coefficients by using the inverse model proposed by this paper. The advantage of the inverse model is that the damping coefficients, the angular velocity and the angular displacement for air motor rotation experiment can be obtained at the same time. But the finite difference method and the Laplace transform method can not do that. Synthesizing the analytic results, the inverse model proposed by this paper can reasonably calculate the damping coefficients for air motor rotation experiment.

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Even when drugs ultimately undergo metabolism and/or biliary excretion in the liver, their elimination rate is sometimes determined by the hepatic uptake rate mediated by transporters. Elucidation of the rate-determining process in the overall hepatic elimination of drugs is therefore critical for predicting their hepatic clearance, and their systemic and regional exposures. I will show with you how to understand the so-called "Extended clearance concept (ECC)" (1) and to establish a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model (2) that includes that the passive transport and transporter-mediated membrane transport and enzyme-mediated metabolism processes. I will also share with you how to investigate the effect of changes in transporter function and metabolizing enzyme function on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the blood and the liver and, ultimately, the pharmacological and/or toxicological effect. Most recently, ECC has been used by a few pharmaceutical industries to predict the predominant clearance mechanism based on physicochemical properties and this may aid in selecting the appropriate preclinical studies for optimizing the drug exposure.

For drugs, the target molecule of which is inside the cells, the efflux transporter is the determinant for their pharmacological effect or adverse reactions even though it had negligible impact in the plasma concentrations. Because of difficulty in quantitative evaluation of the subsequent efflux process, the transporters playing key roles in the efflux process remains unclear in humans. Development of probe substrates applicable to the PET imaging will elucidate the quantitative relationship between the transport activities and drug response.

This study proposed a method to optimize in vivo PBPK parameters in hepatic uptake/efflux/enzyme transporter-mediated DDIs based on several important drug dependent in vitro parameters on transport, metabolism and inhibition(2).

　[References]

1) Giacomini KM and Sugiyama Y. Membrane transporters and drug response, in "Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 13th Edition", (Brunton LL, Dandan RH, Knollman B, eds) Chapter 5, Section 1, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY, pp 65-84 (2018).

2) Yoshida K, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Hepatic and Intestinal Drug Transporters: Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Effects Caused by Drug-Drug Interactions and Genetic Polymorphisms. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 53: 581-612 (2013)

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New approaches and technologies involving application of blended modern agroecological science and indigenous knowledge systems have shown to enhance food security while conserving natural resources and soil and water under stress conditions. Under hot arid

of Thar desert Mr Rambharti a farmer of Pali India, decided to go for multifunctional agriculture and convert his barren area into an integrated farm, utilizing innovative approaches. Every year the farmer prepares his field in summer by deep ploughing and making deep ridges so that he can trap maximum rain water in his field for the upcoming crops. Crop rotation forms the basis of the farming system as crops are grown naturally without external inorganic inputs. The crops are grown in a unique rotation, which means that the same crop is grown in the same field only once every three years. Besides field crops incorporation of spice crops mainly cumin, fenugreek, fennel and ajwain plays a very important role in farm sustainability as spices are disease resistant, hardy and requires less water .Animal integrated farming forms the backbone of his agriculture providing him with milk, fibres and valuable organic waste rejuvenating his soils and increasing moisture retention. Under rainfed conditions he practice intercropping of green gram with sorghum and sesame which reduces the climate-driven crop failure as variety of crops have different climatic adaptability. Intercrops efficiently utilize the natural resources such as land, light, water and nutrient and increase biodiversity, productivity, resilience and stability of agroecosystem. In addition, crops facing threats from the same or similar pests are not grown in bordering fields or in a sequential season in the same field. Also crops requiring high nutrient inputs are not grown in sequence in the same field. The main crops are pulses, spices, barley, oats and wheat. Leguminous crops have less water requirement and fix nitrogen which the other nonlegume crops need. Hardy grasses planted at margins prevent run-off of minerals from the field into bordering ditches. In addition, they attract natural enemies for pests in the crops, provide habitat for pollinators and have an esthetical value as well. These practices have built soil organic matter and the soils are now self-enriched. Acacia trees planted on farm boundary acts as biological fence and as sink for carbon dioxide and exploit the ecological and economic interactions of the different components. Thus alternative agriculture in the form of multifunctional model integrating different components with farming produce sufficient yields by maintaining crop-fodder-livestock-forest plant diversities and manage equitable socio-economic access outcome to the poorest section of the society.

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This article raises the question of interaction between fluid motions of relatively short time scale (1-3 hours) and time lags of similar length in algal adaptation. Convective circulation in early spring in a lake is used as an illustrative example, and it is shown that on the basis of time scales deduced from the physical mechanism, photo-inhibition is probably suppressed. An analytical model is used to evaluate the significance of this suppression, and the results are discussed in terms of the effect on interpretation of experiments based on the 14C method.

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Cephalosporins with new aminoimidazole heterocycles at C-7 have been synthesized by reaction of anti-α-aminooximes with C-7 dihaloisocyanocephalosporins esters or by direct condensation of 2-fluoroimidazoles with C-7 aminocephalosporins esters. These compounds combine a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, including Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms with a good β-lactamase stability. Activity is discussed in terms of its relationship to the pKa. of the C-7 aminoimidazole heterocycle, basic C-7 aminoimidazole residues gave cephalosporins with the best β-lactamase stability but the poorest activity against Gram-positive organisms. An additional interesting property of the C-7 imidazolylaminocephalosporins is the oral activity present in some compounds of this series.

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インドのタール膿内の轍地(年降水量150mm）および半乾燥地(同450mm)の草本植生において,ヒツジの被食が草本群集の構成と被度に与える影響を被食圧の勾配に沿って調査した。両調査地1ヘクタール当たり8,6,3頭とコントロールの4段階の被食圧のプロットを設定し,ヒツジの導入後の季節変化を種構成,被度について調査した。草本植生の被度,構成種数共に半乾燥地の方が高く,季節変化も少なかった。乾燥地の植生は被度の季節変動が大きく,ヒツジによる被食の影響は乾燥地でより強く現れた。乾燥地では,雨期中期に優占する一年生広葉草本Indigofera属の3種がヒツジの被食に応じて被度が減少し,この3種の変動だけで被食による群集全体の被度影響の92.5%が説明された。半乾燥地にもこれらの種が生育していたが被度も低く,また,被食圧に沿った被度の減少は見られなかった。

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New approaches and technologies involving application of blended modern agroecological science and indigenous knowledge systems have shown to enhance food security while conserving natural resources and soil and water under stress conditions. Under hot arid

of Thar desert Mr. Mangilal Patel, a farmer of Pali India, decided to go for agriculture innovations and convert his barren area into an integrated farm utilizing sustainable approaches. Under rainfed conditions he practiced diversified cropping systems including green gram and sesame in rainy season followed by sequential crops of chickpea and mustard as rainfed and wheat and cumin under irrigated conditions in winter season, which reduces the climate-driven crop failure as variety of crops have different management practices to climatic adaptability. His selection of crops and legumes efficiently utilized the natural resources such as land, light, water and nutrient and increase biodiversity, productivity, resilience and stability of agroecosystem. In addition, crops facing threats from the same or similar pests or requiring high nutrient inputs were not grown in bordering fields or in a sequential season in the same field. Leguminous crops have less water requirement and fix nitrogen which is beneficial to other nonlegume crops. Thus, innovative agriculture based on crop rotation model integrating different crop components produce sufficient yield by maintaining crop sequence, increasing soil fertility and manage equitable socio-economic access outcome to the poorest section of the society.

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An active magnetic bearing with electromagnets only is unavoidably bulky and power-consuming. These shortcomings can be remedied by using permanent magnets as the source of bias flux. Unlike the hybrid magnetic bearings with the same flux path for both permanent magnets and electromagnets, so-called coplanar PEMBs, a non-coplanar PEMB with permanent magnets located between two sets of electromagnets, which are placed around the periphery of the shaft, cannot be regarded as equivalent to a pure electromagnet magnetic bearing. This paper analyzes the performance limits, such as maximum static bearing force, force slew rate, displacement sensitivity, and dynamic load capacity, of the non-coplanar PEMBs. We also campare the characteristics of this type of magnetic bearing to the co-plane PEMBs and point out their differences. Investigation of these performance limits enable better utilization of permanent-magnet-biased magnetic bearings and offer useful guidelines for the design of this type of magnetic bearing.

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Active magnetic bearings constructed with electromagnets only are usually bulky and power-consuming. This shortcoming can be remedied by adopting permanent magnets as the source of bias flux. Satisfactory results achieved by using rare-earth permanent magnets substantiate the feasibility of using permanent magnet bias in magnetic bearings. In this paper, an analytic model for permanent-magnet-biased magnetic bearings is presented. The static characteristics of a prototype are tested and compared with values estimated using this model. Manufacturing the prototype and subsequent testing offer some technological information which is important for future improvements.

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Studies on the chemical constituents of roots of Urtica triangularis HAND-MASS have led to the isolation of four new compounds. The structures, including the absolute configurations, of these constituents have been elucidated through spectral studies including ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, 2D-NMR experiments (heteronuclear single-quantum coherence, heteronuclear multiple bonding connectivity and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy), high resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS) and circular dichroism as (−)-4-methoxy-8′-acetyl olivil, (−)-4-methoxy-8′-acetyl olivil-4-O-α-arabinopyronosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranoside, (−)-olivil-9-O-β-glucopyranoside and cyclo-olivil-9-O-β-glucopyranoside.

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DEPT135 was used to study the hydroxymethylation of p-cresol in basic condition. The roles of type and amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, reaction time were investigated to optimize reaction conditions for the synthesis of 2,6-dihydroxymethyl-4-methyl phenol(2,6-DHMMP). Subsequently, a series of novolac resins with extremely high or low M_W, narrow M_W/M_N, as well as alternating co-condensation structure have been produced by the condensation of 2,6-DHMMP and phenol, m-cresol etc. The synthesized p-cresol/phenol resin has a M_W of 20000-30000, and M_W/M_N of 15-20, and also excellent resistance to alcohol and alkali, which meet the needs of photosensitive compositions. The synthesized p-/m-cresol resin has a M_W of 25000, and M_W/M_N of below 15, as well as well resistance to alkali, heat and etching. These novolac resins have good prospects in terms of resist and printing plates.

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Schlechter が 1923 年に記載した Cyrtandra glabrata Schltr. は既に1883 年に発表された C. glabrata Sol. ex C.B.Clarke の後続同名で非合法であるため，置換名としてC. schlechterianum R.Kr.Singh & Arigela を提案した． Schlechter は C. glabrata Schltr. に対してホロタイプを指定してなかったため，本人が新種とメモした 5 枚の標本のうち，記載によく合致し最も状態の良い 1 枚をレクトタイプに指定した．

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インド産ウリ科植物 Bryonia epigaea Rottle，B. hookeriana Wight & Arn.，Trichosanthes anaimalaiensis Bedd.，T. palmata Roxb. var. tomentosa B.Heyne ex C.B.Clarke のレクトタイプ指定の誤りを，原資料と記載に基づいて正した．また，B. glabra Roxb. は，原記載に標本が引用されてなかったため，レクトタイプを指定した．Jeffrey (1980) が引用した Involucraria lepiniana Naudin と Rhynchocarpa epigaea (Rottler) Naudin var gracilipes Naudin のタイプ標本に重複が見つかったため，第2段階のレクトタイプ指定を行った．なお現在，B. glabra Roxb. と R. epigaea (Rottler) Naudin var. gracilipes Naudin は，Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottler) Hook.f.の異タイプ異名，T. palmata Roxb. var. tomentosa B.Heyne ex C.B.Clarke は T. anaimalaiensis Bedd. の異タイプ異名とされている．

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Well-dispersed palladium nanoparticles on the surface of three-quarter-sphere-like γ-AlOOH were prepared by an efficient, low-cost and facile reductive process that utilizes 0.01 mol/L NaBH₄ solution. The morphology, structure and elemental composition of this Pd/γ-AlOOH composite were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the Pd nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed and their size distributed from 6 to 8.5 nm. Electrochemical performance of Pd/γ-AlOOH toward methanol in alkaline solution was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometric techniques. The results indicated that this novel Pd/γ-AlOOH composite had excellent electro-catalytic activity and long-term stability.

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インドのジョドブル周辺で,1985年1月-12月に,イエスズメPasser domesticus indicusを補獲し,〓嚢および砂嚢の内容物を選別•同定して重量を測定した.冬期間に自然状態でこの種が喰べた殻類は,年間総内容量の80.9％を占めた.夏にはおもにコムギのほか,オオムギ,植物,および昆虫を捕っていた.雨期の間のおもな餌は昆虫と殻類であった.雨期後は種子類が最も高い割合を占めたのが特徴で,ついでマメ類が多かった.パンジャブ州ルジアナとラジャスタン砂漠のジョドブルのイエスズメ個体群について,食性の季節変化を比較して論じた.

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