L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. C'est ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. C'est a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. C'est pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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Background : Usefulness of endoscopic microwave coagulation therapy (-MCT) was examined in 27 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Material and Methods : HCC was found in patients with type liver cirrhosis (LC), 16 patients with type C LC, and patients with non non C LC. Median tumor size was 23 mm (solitary lesion , multiple 5). Laparoscopic MCT was performed for S_2-6 lesion and thoracoscopic MCT for lesion under general anesthesia. Linear type ultrasonography was used in every case for monitoring lesion ant therapeutic effect.
Results : Complete tumor necrosis was obtained in 24 cases (%) and local recurrence was found in 5 cases after the observation period of maximum 34 months. Pleural abscess, hemorrhage and hepatic infarction were found in cases without serious outcome.
Conclusions : We conclude that -MCT is quite promising therapy for surface type HCC in term of minimally invasive and curative procedure a time. It is important that sufficient marginal coagulation should be obtained.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,5α,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,6β-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, , 5 and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C-6 of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Using the Theil population-weighted method for per capita GDP and the variance in a shift-share analysis on labor productivity, we conduct a comprehensive interregional income inequality decomposition analysis on Indonesia before and after the 1998 economic crisis.
Interregional income inequality is largely determined by the interregional inequality in the productivity differential component due to the region's specific sector-by-sector productivity differentials—the result of investments accumulated in technology, public infrastructure and human capital. Although the interregional inequality in the productivity differentials show a declining trend throughout the period under observation, they should have decreased further, considering the active implementation of policies aimed at balanced regional development. However, the results are still far below the target levels because of the effects of economic agglomeration. An examination of non-productivity factors shows that the interregional inequality in the employment rate has become the dominant factor after the crisis, whereas the active population rate was dominant before. The widening of the interregional employment gap is a new concern for Indonesia. The relative decrease in urban employment rates in 2003-2006 and the predominance of inequality in higher educational attainments within the urban sector reported by Akita and Miyata[5]suggest a growing deterioration in the labor market efficiency in urban regions.

JEL Classification: D63, O40, R11, R58

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Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of 1.5 μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of 0.504 μm was 5×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of 0.231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of 1.7×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of 1.5 μm and a signal power of 1×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

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The process of annihilation of two point defects with opposite topological charges in a roll pattern is discussed for electrohydrodynamic convection in a nematic layer. It is shown that at the final stage of the process the distance between the centers of defects which are being annihilated varies as the square root of the time, down-counted from the annihilation moment. Such a scaling is associated with topological properties of the slowly varying complex amplitude of the order parameter and is suggested as a generic law for annihilation or spontaneous, barrierless nucleation of pairs of defects in extended systems. Experimental evidence of the scaling in the case of electrohydrodynamic convection in MBBA is obtained.

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Recently we saw two patients with acute hepatitis, infected with hepatitis virus (HEV) of a rare genotype . One patient (Tokyo/2012) had traveled Spain 1 month before developing hepatitis, while the other patient (Saitama/2014) did not have history of traveling abroad. Nearly entire genomic sequence of HEV was recovered from both patients; 7,336 nucleotides (nt) from the Tokyo case in 2012 (isolate name=JAO-SpaTok12, accession=LC055972) and 7,306 nt from the Saitama case in 2014 (JMH-Sai14, LC055973). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that JMH-Sai14 from the Saitama patient, who denied having traveled abroad, could be classified into a subgroup of genotype , together with European isolates as well as an already reported Japanese isolate HE-JA12-0725 (AB850879) from a patient living in Gunma and having never traveled abroad when he/she developed hepatitis in 2012. On the other hand, the Tokyo patient's sequence segregated to a separate branch together with European isolates. Based on these findings it is possible that HEV genotype has already made inroad into Japan as in the case of .

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BCR-ABL1 International Scale（IS）測定はチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤で治療されている慢性骨髄性白血病（CML）患者の治療効果をモニターする上で重要な検査法である。稀ではあるが，BCR-ABL1 IS測定ができないCMLが存在することが知られている。本研究において，我々は，そのようなBCR-ABL1 IS測定のできないCML患者を経験し，分子生物学的な方法で，その原因を解明した。本例ではABL1遺伝子における切断点がa2エクソン内にあることが分かり，そのことがABL1のa2エクソンを欠いた

14a（a）キメラ遺伝子のmRNAのみの発現を誘導していた。a2エクソンは本邦における検査部でのIS測定において重要な要素であり，これが欠損することが測定不能の原因であった。このようなIS測定ができない稀なCML症例をさらに集積して，その分子構造を解明することが待たれる。

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Nアルキル,4:9,10-ペリレンテトラカルボン酸モノアンヒドリド=モノイミド[4a～]と芳香族アミン(アニリン,p-トルイジン,p-アニシジン,,5-キシリジン,4-アミノナゾベンゼン,およびo-フェニレンジアミン)を縮合して非対称型,4:9,10-ペリレンビス(ジカルボキシミド)誘導体-N-アルキル-N'-アリール-,4:9,10-ペリレンビス(ジカルボキシミド)(〔5a～〕,〔6a～〕,〔7a～〕,〔a～〕,〔9a～〕,および〔10a～〕)を合成した. これらの各誘導体はすべて赤色系の色相を示し, 顔料試験の結果N-ブチル-N'-アリール-,4:9,10-ペリレンビス(ジカルボキシミド)(たとえば〔5〕や〔6〕)がとくにすぐれた耐光性を示した.

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1. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
2. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, ) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and c) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
4. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
5. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
) geographical separateness and
c) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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The effects of dimensions and supporting conditions on the compressive strength and deformation of polyvinylchloride pipes under external pressure were discussed. The following four kinds of pipe supporting conditions were used; (A) compression between two steel plates, () compression between a steel plate and a concave wooden block, (C) compression between two concave wooden blocks, and (D) compression between two concave hard rubber supporters. The main results obtained are as follows.
(1) The relation between the compressive strength P and the dimensions of PVC pipe is given by the following formula, similar to the mid load bending for a both end fixed straight beam with a rectangular section;
P=4σ_b·l·t²/·D_m·c₁ (a)
where, l, t and D_m are the length, thickness and diameter of pipe, respectively, c₁ the correction coefficient according to pipe supporting conditions, and σ_b the bending stress in kg/mm². The value of correction coefficient c₁ was 0.∼1.35 for A-method, 1.35 for -method, .0 for C-method and 2. for D-method, respectively.
(2) The deflection δ under elastic deformation is given by the following formula;
δ=/ ()
where, is Young's modulus in kg/mm² of pipe material, and c₂ the correction coefficient similar to c₁. The value of c₂ was 2. for A-method.
() It seems reasonable, therefore, that the theory of straight beam may be applied to the compressive strength and deflection of plastics-pipe under external pressure by using the correction coefficient c₁ or c₂.

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