L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. C'est ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. C'est a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. C'est pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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The nucleus ¹²C was bombarded by .1–MeV

3He

particles to study elastic and inelastic scattering and the (

3He

, α) reaction. Angular distributions were measured for the elastic scattering, for the inelastic scattering to levels at 4.4, 7.6 and

9

.6 MeV in ¹²C, and for the (

3He

, α) reaction to levels at 0.0,

2

.0, 4.

3

(4.7) and 6.4 MeV in ¹¹C. The optical potential parameters were searched for to fit the

3He

elastic scattering angular distribution. The deformation parameters

β₂

and

β₃

for ¹²C were determined from DWBA analysis. The angular distributions of α particles were compared with DWBA calculations and calculations including the two-step process via inelastic channel.

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[Purpose] This study investigated the therapeutic effects of augmented reality (AR)-based EMG-triggered functional electric stimulation (FES) on stroke patients receiving rehabilitation. [Methods] Ten subjects who were in the chronic phase following stroke were divided into two groups for: ankle dorsiflexion with AR-based EMG-triggered FES (Experimental group, n=5), and EMG-triggered FES alone (Control group, n=5). Experimental subjects received ankle dorsiflexion with AR-based EMG-triggered FES for 20 minutes per day, 5 times per week over a 4 week period. Muscle activation, ankle range of motion and muscle strength were measured to identify the effect of the AR training environment with EMG-triggered FES. [Results] The muscle activation of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius (GCM), as measured by EMG, the improvement was increased significantly after the intervention compared to before within the experimental groups of the tibialis anterior(TA), and the improvement was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Muscle strength of the tibialis anterior (TA) and GCM in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion were significantly greater post-intervention in the experimental group. [Conclusion] The results of this study provide evidence in support of incorporating an AR environment into ankle dorsiflexion training with FES for the improvement of muscle activity, and strength of chronic phase stroke patients.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,5α,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,6β-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM 1 and .4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, , , 5 and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C-6 of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The effects of T- (-[-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl]-,-dihydro--methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[,4-]quinolin-1-one hemifumarate), a new quinoline derivative, on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and acetylcholine (ACh) release were compared with those of the well-known cholinesterase inhibitors tacrine and 2020. T-, tacrine and 2020 all concentration-dependently inhibited AChE in rat brain homogenate (IC_50s = 109.4, 84. and 11.8 nM, respectively). In addition, although tacrine strongly inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), T- and 2020 showed only weak activity on BuChE in human plasma. In ex vivo experiments, intraperitoneal administration of T- at a dose of 30 mg/kg inhibited AChE activity in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and parietal cortex of rats. The effect of T- on the extracellular ACh concentration in rat brain was measured using in vivo microdialysis. T- at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p. increased the extracellular ACh concentration in the hippocampus and striatum in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that T- activates the central cholinergic system by selectively inhibiting AChE activity, while weakly affecting peripheral BuChE activity, and that T- increases the extracellular ACh concentration in the brain, which is followed by inhibited AChE activity.

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1. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, ) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and c) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
4. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
5. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
) geographical separateness and
c) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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長期的に見ると、景気のトレンドが低下し、在庫投資や設備投資の変動が小さくなっている。その背景には、経済のサービス化、グローバル化、DX、研究開発投資の拡大などの経済構造の変化がある。こうした中で、第 16 循環の山（2018 年 10 月）付近においては、景気動向指数（一致指数）と実質GDPの動きに乖離が見られたが、その要因としては、外需の減少ペースが景気を一気に冷え込ませるような急激なものではなかったことが大きい。加えて、労働市場では、人口減少下で女性や高齢者を中心に労働市場に参入する人が増え、雇用所得環境を下支えしていた。コロナショック後は、賃上げのモメンタムが強まっている。今後、労働市場の構造変化がどのように進むのか、それが景気循環にどのような影響を与えるのか、注視していく必要がある。 こうした景気循環の特徴の変化やその背景にある経済構造の変化を踏まえると、景気循環を適切に捉えるためには、第一に、景気循環の転換点を敏感に捉える必要があることに変わりはないが、一方で、第二に、生産に過度に重点を置かず、より幅広い指標を観察すること、第三に、経済の全体的な動向を捉えるという観点から、実質GDPの動向にも留意すること、が必要となろう。

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Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of two closely-spaced strip foundations on sand have been presented. The model test results have been compared with the theoretical study given by Stuart (1962). The nature of variation of the experimental efficiency factors, α_q and α_r, associated with the bearing capacity factors, N_q and N_r, are similar to those predicted by the theory; however, their magnitudes are substantially lower for S/<about . The foundation settlement at ultimate failure load increases for S/<4.5 when compared with that of an isolated foundation.

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BCR-ABL1 International Scale（IS）測定はチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤で治療されている慢性骨髄性白血病（CML）患者の治療効果をモニターする上で重要な検査法である。稀ではあるが，BCR-ABL1 IS測定ができないCMLが存在することが知られている。本研究において，我々は，そのようなBCR-ABL1 IS測定のできないCML患者を経験し，分子生物学的な方法で，その原因を解明した。本例ではABL1遺伝子における切断点がa

エクソン内にあることが分かり，そのことがABL1のaエクソンを欠いた14a（a）キメラ遺伝子のmRNAのみの発現を誘導していた。aエクソンは本邦における検査部でのIS測定において重要な要素であり，これが欠損することが測定不能の原因であった。このようなIS測定ができない稀なCML症例をさらに集積して，その分子構造を解明することが待たれる。

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Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-1, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the 1-hydroxy group by a reduction of the 1, -epoxide generated by epoxidation of the 1, 4, 6-trien--one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the Δ⁷ bond by standard methods and its protection with 1-phenyl-1, , 4-triazoline-, 5-dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The 5, 7-dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin D compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-1, 24-hydroxyvitamin compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin , while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin .

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The applicability of a method for predicting 'bearing capacity increase'in reinforced sandy ground was examined using tests performed under various test conditions. It was found that the present method predicted, with reasonable accuracy, the bearing capacity increase in sandy ground, reinforced with stiff reinforcement. This method may not be applicable for sandy ground reinforced with extensible reinforcement due to the unsuccessful formation of a semirigid zone under the footing. An investigation into the settlement of a footing on reinforced sandy ground, at ultimate footing load condition, suggested that the settlement of footing for reaching peak footing load may be correlated to the 'deep-footing'and the 'wide-slab'mechanisms. That is, the ultimate settlement ratio between reinforced and unreinforced model sandy ground, SR_f, may be linearly correlated to 'BCR_D'and 'BCR_s', which represent 'deep-footing' and 'wide-slab'effects, respectively, on the ultimate bearing capacity increase in reinforced sandy ground.

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The association between apolipoprotein (Apo-) polymorphism and the response of plasma cholesterol to dietary therapy (cholesterol intake of less than 300mg/day) was investigated for about 8 weeks in 208 nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia patients (/ 161, 4/ 47). The baseline lipoprotein concentration and the intake of energy and lipids were not significantly different between subjects with / and those with 4/ phenotypes. After the dietary therapy plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased in both phenotype groups (p<0.05). The patients with 4/ had significantly smaller reductions of LDL-C than the patients with /. The changes of LDL-C showed a significant difference between the patients with / and 4/ by the Kruskal Wallis test (p=0.041). The presence of 4/ predicted the degree of cholesterol reduction following dietary therapy.

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はやぶさに搭載する近赤外分光計(NIRS)は,水酸基や水分子の赤外吸収が見られるμm帯の反射スペクトルを測るリモートセンシング機器である.我々はNIRSを使って,近地球C型小惑星1999JU_の近接観測を行い,その表面の含水鉱物分布の特徴を明らかにする.近年,C型小惑星の内部に氷の存在を示唆する観測結果が報告されており,地球の海洋形成におけるC型小惑星の寄与が従来の想定よりも大きくなる可能性が出てきた.内部氷の存在を検証するには水質変成が起きたときの水の挙動を理解することが必要であり,NIRSでは衝突装置が作り出す人工クレーターの観測から加熱脱水や宇宙風化による二次的な変成の影響を識別し,母天体上で起きた水質変成の情報を抽出することをめざす.

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