In view of the significant role of the water film effect in flow failure for a liquefied sandy deposit, the mechanism of water film generation is numerically studied based on a 1-dimensional model test. The process of water film growth and decay can be simulated to a certain extent by a simple consolidation analysis, which indicates that only a small difference in permeability in layered sand is enough for a water film to develop. A 1 G shaking table test for a two-dimensional slope model with an arc of silt within a saturated sand is then addressed to discuss the dilatancy effect exerted in sheared sand during flow failure. It is possible that, once the water film is formed, the transmission of shear stress through it is interrupted, leaving the sand below free from the dilatancy ; this eventually allows the water film to stay without being absorbed during flow failure. The result of another shaking table test for a trapezoidal slope with horizontal silt seams indicate that water films beneath the seams enable the soil mass above them to laterally flow along water films very gently inclined even after shaking. If a silt seam breaks due to excessive pressure in the water film, it triggers re-liquefaction in the upper sand and leads to further instability.

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The behavior of the soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading is different from that subjected to sustained loading. The difference in settlement between these two loading patterns should be due to secondary compression over a long period of time. Consequently, soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading tend to be more compressible than those subjected to sustained loading. Therefore, it is necessary for engineers to predict post-construction settlements under repeated loading. In this respect, the preloading is considered to be promising as a countermeasure to reduce the settlement of clay under repeated loading as well as under sustained loading. The effect of preloading on post-construction consolidation settlement of soft clay subjected to repeated loading after removal of a part of preload is investigated in the present paper. It has become clear that the settlement of a clay sample after preconsolidation is mainly affected by the amount of preload, the degree of consolidation due to the preload, the amount of permanent load and the amount of repeated load after removal of preload. The calculated settlement versus time relations using a method to estimate the amount of consolidation settlement of soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading after removal of preloading were compared with the observed degree of consolidation as parameters of the intensities of preload and repeated load.

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An empirical equation in use for estimating the pseudo-elastic shear modulus, G_f, of subsoil, associated with shear strains less than 0.001% is proposed in this paper. In a series of in-situ seismic cone tests performed nationwide, the profiles of both G_f and the in-situ void ratio, , with depth were successfully characterised at five sites, each comprising a soft clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. The database which comprised the original data from the field and laboratory tests, coupled with similar information on well-documented Holocene clay deposits in Europe, was statistically analyzed in attempts to determine a generalised relationship with which G_f of soft clay may be reasonably estimated only from routinely available borehole data; that is and the current geostatic effective overburden pressure, σ'_v. An empirical relationship, G_f=, 000 -√(σ'_v) (kPa), was derived from the statistical analysis applied to data from seven different clays worldwide, for which extended over a range between 1 and , and the overconsolidation ratio ranged roughly between 1 and 2. The applicability of the proposed relationship was evaluated for two case records, each in which the clay exhibited unusual behavior; i.., the undrained shear strength remained more or less constant with depth due to the existence of artesian pressure at one site, and, at the other, G_f decreased, whereas increased, with depth. It was demonstrated that even in these clay deposits exhibiting exceptional profiles, the proposed relationship was capable of predicting G_f with a reasonable accuracy by determining the profiles of and σ'_v with depth. In addition, the prediction when compared to G_max from carefully performed laboratory cyclic tests, yielded a better estimate of G_f from the in-situ seismic survey. Despite the fact that the empirical relationship was initially designated to estimate G_f of soft clays, it may be equally applicable to sandy deposits. This was verified by comparing it to similar, and well-established, relationships developed for sands. A case record as such is also described for a loose sand deposit at Higashi-Ohgishima in Tokyo Bay which was placed in 1960's by land reclamation.

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In this paper, consideration is given as to how to characterize depth-variation for the small-strain shear modulus of natural clay sedimentation, in a state of normal consolidation. A case study was carried out for a relatively uniform clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. Initially, the effects of both strain and in-situ stress levels on secant shear modulus were carefully examined in cyclic torsion shear tests using undisturbed samples, which were recovered at different depths in a test borehole. The range of shear strain examined was between 0.001% and 1%. Similar examination was made for a silty clay using reconstituted samples that were isotropically consolidated at different stress levels. On the basis of the results of these laboratory tests, together with the shear modulus from an in-situ seismic survey, the small-strain shear modulus was formulated in terms of the stress and strain levels, and linked also to undrained shear strength. Interactions of the small strain stiffness between in-situ and laboratory are discussed in depth with an attention paid to the existing aging effect in the original subsurface condition.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,6β-triol (), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, 3, and 6 did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C-6 of 1 and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The effects of the pressure of ambient gas and sample temperature on photo-acoustic displacement (PAD) were studied quantitatively using an extremely sensitive laser interferometric probe. For silicon, the PAD signal measured at atmospheric pressure increased by about 18% as compared to that obtained in a vacuum, and varied by less than 0.% for a change in pressure of % around 1 atm. This effect was attributed to the decrease in refractive index of the gas adjacent to the sample. Temperature rise caused PAD to increase proportionally, and for GaAs, PAD varied 0.% per degree. The variation of PAD with temperature was accurately explained by the temperature dependence of thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity of the sample.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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From the peels of Citrus hassaku HORT. ex TANAKA (Rutaceae), eight flavonoid aglycones were isolated and characterized as ', , 6, , -pentamethoxyflavone (I), 3', ', , 6, , -hexamethoxyflavone (II), 3, 3', ', , 6, , -heptamethoxyflavone (III), 3', ', , 6, -pentamethoxyflavone (IV), ', , -trimethoxyflavone (V), 3, 3', , ', , , -hexamethoxyflavone (VI), ', , , -tetramethoxyflavone (VII) and 3', ', , , -pentamethoxyflavone (VIII), based on spectral and chemical data.

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Agaricus blazei is an important fungus for producing bioactive compounds. There are some reports of polysaccharides and steroid derivatives from the fruiting bodies of A. blazei. However, the chemical examination of the secondary metabolites of the cultured mycelia of this species has not been reported. Eight compounds, an unprecedented skeleton have been isolated from the cultured mycelia of A. blazei. The structures of the novel compounds each named blazeispirols A (1), B (2), C (3), (), () X(6), Y () and Z () were confirmed by extensive 1 and 2 NMR spectral data and X-ray analysis. Blazeispirols A (1), B (2), C (3), () and () were des-A-ergostane type compounds having spiroacetal structure as a side chain. Blazeispirols X (6) and Y () were determined to be (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-1 (10→6) abeo-14β, :, 25-diepoxyergosta-,,9,11-tetraene-3α,23-diol and (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-14β,:,25-diepoxy-9,23-dihydroxyergosta-,,11-triene-3,6-dione by comparison of extensive 1 and 2 NMR spectral data with that of blazeispirol A. The biosynthesis of blazeispirol A was investigated by feeding ^<13>C-labeled acetates and methionine to the growing cultures of A. blazei. The labeling patterns of 1 derived from singly and doubly ^<13>C-labeled acetates were consistent with that of ergosterol reported previously except for the A-ring and then ^<14>C-labeled ergosterol was incorporated into blazeispirol A. Taking the structures of blazeispirols Z and into consideration, it can be assumed that blazeispirol A is biosynthesized from ergosterol by the cleavage of C-, C- and C-1, C-10 bonds on retro aldol condensation and Michael reaction via such as intermediate A as shown in Fig. . A large number of ergostane-type steroids have been isolated from many fungi. However, blazeispirol A is the first example of a naturally occurring des-A-ergostane-type steroid including a spiroacetal structure moiety as a side chain.

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-Amino-6-mercapto-1, 3-dimethyluracil (2) was prepared by the treatment of , 6-diamino-1, 3-dimethyluracil (1) with liquid H₂S and pyridine in a sealed steel tube at 60°C for 20 h. Thiazolo[, -]pyrimidinediones 3a, b were obtained from 2 by cyclization with HCO₂H and AcOH.Under stringent conditions, however, 1 was converted into the , 9-dihydrodipyrimido[, -b : ', '-][1, ]thiazine derivtive a.The structure of a was confirmed by spectral (nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra) data and by comparison with a sample which was prepared from 2 and -hydroxy-1, 3-dimethyluracil.Benzylation of a gave 1, 3, , 9-tetramethyl--benzyl (or p-bromobenzyl)-, 9-dihydrodipyrimido[, -b : ', '-][1, ]thiazine-2, , 6, -(1H, 3H, H)-tetrone (b, c) and 1, 3, , 9-tetramethyl--benzyl (or p-bromobenzyl)-, 9-dihydropyrrolo[3, 2- : , -']dipyrimidine-2, , 6, -(1H, 3H, H)-tetrone (6a, b).

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Mycobacteriocin produced by human type tubercle bacilli could be demonstrated easily on eggmedium containing 0.05% tween 80 by means of stab culture or streak plate methods, and elevenmycobacteriocin-types have been recognized on the basis of the inhibition pattern by using 9indicator strains of rapidly growing mycobacteria.
At present, types 1 (.9%), 2 (13%), (38.%), 9 (2%) and 11 (14.%) showed a stablemycobacteriocin pattern, but types 3 (.%) and (6.%) were apt to show type replacement totypes 2 and , respectively, and strains belonging to types , 6 and were few, less than 1.%to the total. In order to perform a reproducible mycobacteriocin typing, our previous typingscheme was revised to be consisted of five groups (A-). Among 438 strains, mycobacteriocingroup C containing types and was 46.1% of strains tested, group B containing types 2, 3 and6 was .6%, group containing type 11 was 15.1%, group A containing types 1 and was.%, group containing types 9 and 10 was .1%, and untypable strains were no more than 6.6% among all tested strains.
Human type tubercle bacilli classified as type , which consisted of more than 45% of strainstested, could be divided into three sub-types from sensitivity to M. gordonae 1324 and M. terrae 1450.
Mycobacteriocin producing strains belonging to type : 9 showed an extremly wide antibacterialactivity to strains of more than % of rapidly growing mycobacteria (42 strains), to about 40% of slow growing mycobacteria (29 strains), and even to 10 strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

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From the black coral Antipathies dichotoma, a sphingolipid (2S*,3S*,,)-2N-[tetradecanoyl]-(),()-icosadiene-1,3-diol (1) and a steroid ()-methylcholesta-,-diene-1α,3β,-triol (2) were isolated. Other known compounds, 3β,-dihydroxy-cholest--ene (3), (,24S),,-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-6,-dien-3β-ol () and (,24S),,-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-6,9(11),-trien-3β-ol (). The structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature. The antibacterial activity of five compounds was evaluated.

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The demand for paper has been relatively steady for these few years. The profit on sales, however, has been declining, .g. .% in 1995, .6% in 1996 and 3.6% in 1997. Unfavorable prospect such as the capital cost increase, less export due to unstable Asian economy and soft market by the increased domestic capacity will reduce the profit further in 1998.
The capital investment by the fifty companies in 1996 was 357 billion yens and that in 1997 would be 400 billion yens. The figure in 1998 will be about 70% of that in 1997.
The expected investment in the coming five years is classified for subjects as follows. Manufacturing process : 27%, maintenance : .%, labor saving : .%, renewal : 13.2%, environment : .%, energy saving : .%, R & : 1.2% and others : 3.0%. After finishing new expansion projects, the investment for manufacturing will dwindle.

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Three new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, epigomisin O(1), gomisin () and angeloylgomisin Q(26), were isolated from the fruits of Schizandra chinensis BAILL.(Schizandraceae), which are used as an antitussive and a tonic under the names of "Hoku-gomisi" in Japan and "Wu-wei-zi" in China. 1) The structure of epigomisin O(1) was elucidated by correlation with known lignans, gomisins O(2) and N(). 2) Oxidation of with KMnO_ in a mixture of 2% NaOH and pyridine gave compounds 3 and . Further oxidation of 3 with KMnO_ gave . Reduction of with NaBH_ afforded deangeloylgomisin B(6). The structure of gomisin () was elucidated by the same reaction to correlate with a known lignan, gomisin (). 3) The cleavage of the methylenedioxy group on the aromatic ring with Pb(OAc)_ in dry benzene into diphenol was studied(19-→19b-b). The structure of angeloylgomisin Q(26) was elucidated by the use of the above reaction to correlate with 6.

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