We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, and did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C- of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were tested for cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cells in a study utilizing a chemically induced cancer ofthe bladder (transitional cell carcinoma), -47, in inbred ACI/N rats. From tumors grown after subcutaneous implantation of -47 in the rats TIL were separated by density gradient centrifugation and incubated in plastic dishes for separation of non-adherent from adherent cells. The non-adherent cells were further fractionated into T and B cells by the panning method using anti-rat (ab')₂ antibody. The cell fractions were each added to -47 in culture to be assessed for antitumor effect by the crystal violet dye exclusion method and 3H-thymidine incorporation inhibition assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were also tested as described above. TIL expressed significantly higher cytotoxicity against -47 with the mean % cytotoxicity of 56.±.% and 87.±.1% at /T ratios of 10:1 and 20:1, respectively, as compared to PBMC(9.9±.0% at /T 10:1) (P<0.001). The adherent cells, B and T cell fractions showed respective % cytotoxicity of .4±2.%, 57.9±10.% and 9.9±.% at an /T ratio of 10:1. TIL pretreated with IFN or rIL-2 for 24or 48 hours did not exhibit any noticeably enhanced antitumor activity at an /T ratio of :1. Prevention of direct contact of -47 cells and TIL by an interposed Millipore membrane (0.45μm) resulted in an unequivocal reduction of antitumor effect. This finding clearly indicates that the direct contact with -47cells and TIL is necessary for TIL to manifest their cytotoxicity against the autologous tumor cells, suggesting that TIL exhibit autologous tumor killing activity through cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

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Four new sterols, , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-(14), -diene-3β, -diol (1), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, , , -tetrol (2), (, 24R)-ergosta-, 9(11), -triene-3β, , -triol (3) and 3β, , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-ergost--en--one (4), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. . GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (-18), of which two ( and ) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

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In the first part of the present work the interaction of glycophorin with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, densitometry, calorimetry, and 90° static light scattering. An exothermic lipid/protein interaction energy of W_P=190 kJ•mol^-1 was found by application of the well known Van Laar relation for the displacement of the freezing point and the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Secondly, the effects of Ca²⁺ on the lipid/protein interaction were studied. Following Ca²⁺ addition a remarkable decoupling of the interaction of the glycophorin head group with the bilayer surface was revealed by densitometry and gold-labeling electron microscopy. It is estimated that about 80% of lipid once disturbed by the adsorption of glycophorin head groups is decoupled after addition of Ca²⁺. Thirdly, the selective interaction of glycophorin with binary lipid mixtures was studied, including the mixtures of DMPC with dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and the mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with DLPC.

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Six new cembranoids sarcophytol P (3), R (4), S (), K (), (11), and T (13) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophytol P (3) was shown to be the 20-hydroxy derivative of the major component sarcophytol A (1), and afforded the cyclization product in CHCl_3 at room temperature, in a same way as in 1. Sarcophytols R (4) and S () were correlated to 1, by conversion of its R,R and S,S epoxide derivatives. Sarcophytol K() was a 13, 14-dihydroxycembranoid having a 1,3Z-diene moiety. The absolute configuration of and its 1Z,3- and 1Z,3Z-isomers sarcophytol B (2) and J (10) were determined by circular dichroism study of their bis-p-dimethylaminobenzoate derivatives. Sarcophytols (11) and T (13) were 1- and 1,3Z-isomers of 1. Compound 11 showed characteristic broadening of the ^1H-NMR chemical shifts, due to the restricted conformational interconversion. Using the three cembranoids sarcophytols (11, 1,3), N (15, 1Z,3Z) and T (13,1,3Z), spontaneous autoxidation-cyclization, in CHCl_3,was examined, in order to compare the stereochemical course of the reaction with that of 1 (1Z,3), which affords trans-fused bicyclo[9.3.0]tetradecene systems. The 1,3Z-isomer 13 gave the same cyclization product 18, as in the reaction of 1, even though it is isomeric at C-1,3. The 1Z,3Z isomer 15 gave 19, in consequence of the reversed geometry at C-3 of 15. The 1,3-isomer (11) gave the bicyclic product , having an antipodal fusion as compared with 19. This was confirmed by PCC oxidation of 19 and , giving enantiomeric ketones 23 and 24 respectively. The 1(14)-epoxide 26 was shown to be the immediate precursor of , and acounted for the inversion of the geometry at C-1 of the cyclization product. Compound 26 is isomeric with the epoxide 17 derived from 1. The epoxide 17 is the postulated precursor in the conversion of 13 to 18. It is noteworthy that the mode of antipodal fusion of the cyclopentane rings, in 18 and , was controlled by the chirality of the epoxy rings. The C-14 hydroxyl group participates in the transannular cyclization, but was found not to be the requisite functional group for the reaction. Similar treatment of cembrene C (30), the parent hydrocarbon of 1, also reacted in CHCl_3 giving the bicyclic product 32.

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An empirical equation in use for estimating the pseudo-elastic shear modulus, G_f, of subsoil, associated with shear strains less than 0.001% is proposed in this paper. In a series of in-situ seismic cone tests performed nationwide, the profiles of both G_f and the in-situ void ratio, , with depth were successfully characterised at five sites, each comprising a soft clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. The database which comprised the original data from the field and laboratory tests, coupled with similar information on well-documented Holocene clay deposits in Europe, was statistically analyzed in attempts to determine a generalised relationship with which G_f of soft clay may be reasonably estimated only from routinely available borehole data; that is and the current geostatic effective overburden pressure, σ'_v. An empirical relationship, G_f=, 000 -√(σ'_v) (kPa), was derived from the statistical analysis applied to data from seven different clays worldwide, for which extended over a range between 1 and , and the overconsolidation ratio ranged roughly between 1 and 2. The applicability of the proposed relationship was evaluated for two case records, each in which the clay exhibited unusual behavior; i.., the undrained shear strength remained more or less constant with depth due to the existence of artesian pressure at one site, and, at the other, G_f decreased, whereas increased, with depth. It was demonstrated that even in these clay deposits exhibiting exceptional profiles, the proposed relationship was capable of predicting G_f with a reasonable accuracy by determining the profiles of and σ'_v with depth. In addition, the prediction when compared to G_max from carefully performed laboratory cyclic tests, yielded a better estimate of G_f from the in-situ seismic survey. Despite the fact that the empirical relationship was initially designated to estimate G_f of soft clays, it may be equally applicable to sandy deposits. This was verified by comparing it to similar, and well-established, relationships developed for sands. A case record as such is also described for a loose sand deposit at Higashi-Ohgishima in Tokyo Bay which was placed in 1960's by land reclamation.

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Distribution of bacteria which produce enzyme capable of lysing Str. mutans 49 strain in human dental plaques was investigated on adults of age 20 to . The activity of the enzyme (MLE) produced by an isolated strain (FDC-63) was also investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. MLE producing bacteria were detected in 43 samples (37.1%) out of 116 samples of dental plaques obtained from adults of age 20 to . 2. Twenty four samples had MLE producing bacteria at the rate of over % of total number of bacteria in each sample. 3. The 40 strains isolated were composed of .% of Gram positive cocci, 2.% of Gram negative cocci and % of Gram positive rods. 4. Most of the isolates (84.%) showed lytic activity against living cells of 49 on GAM agar plates. . The MLE produced by FDC-63 had lytic activity against both living and heat killed cells of 49 under aerobic or anaerobic condition. . The activity of the MLE was rather weak against purified cell walls of 49. . Optimal pH in the activity of the MLE was .0 and optimal temperature 37℃. The activity of the MLE was lost by heating at 60℃ for 60 min. . FDC-63 was identified as Streptococcus milleri.

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Between April 1, 1987 and August , 1997, a total of 128 abutment teeth associated with 34 telescope removable partial dentures in 28 patients ( females and males) who had a mean age of 57.4±9.3 years was observed. The survival time (with extraction being the endpoint) for each abutment tooth was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Significance levels were determined using prognostic factors for 4 statistical tests, i. ., the generalized Wilcoxon, the Cox-Mantel, the Logrank, and the Mantel-Haenszel tests. Furthermore, survival estimates and relative risks were calculated by Cox hazard regression.
The results conclusively indicated a higher survival for vital as compared to endodontically-treated teeth. The relative risk of an abutment tooth adjacent to a free-end saddle was .. The risk increased by 2.79 for each group from molar to cuspid, to premolar, and to incisor. The survival estimate was .% at 9-10 years after placement of the denture.

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Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of 1. μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of 0.504 μm was ×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of 0.231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of 1.×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of 1. μm and a signal power of 1×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

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We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group B which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and . MDA increased from . ± 2. (placebo) to .48 ± 1.2 (A) and .02 ± 1. nmol/gHb (B). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ± 4.2 (P) to 23. ± .4 (A) and 24.1 ± .4 μmol/L (B). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2. (P) to .02 ± 2. (A) and 9.39 ± 1.02 μmol/g Hb (B), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to 1.24 ± 0.29 (A) and 1.08 ± 0.12 μmol/g Hb (B). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in B; GRx decreased 27% in A and .% in B; GPx decreased 12% in A and 9.% in B. Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in B as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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Among the rivers damaged by the earthquake, two most severely damaged along the Yodo-gawa River are described. In the left levee, the settlement exceeded 2 m for a length of 1.4 km, with a maximum settlement of 3 m. Sand boils were observed extensively on the ground surface near the damaged dikes. Holocene sandy soil with an SPT N-value of 10 or less existed in the upper part of the subsoil profile. These facts indicate that liquefaction of the soil was the major cause of the embankment damage. The cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction was 0.30 as determined from cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed samples.

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In this paper, consideration is given as to how to characterize depth-variation for the small-strain shear modulus of natural clay sedimentation, in a state of normal consolidation. A case study was carried out for a relatively uniform clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. Initially, the effects of both strain and in-situ stress levels on secant shear modulus were carefully examined in cyclic torsion shear tests using undisturbed samples, which were recovered at different depths in a test borehole. The range of shear strain examined was between 0.001% and 1%. Similar examination was made for a silty clay using reconstituted samples that were isotropically consolidated at different stress levels. On the basis of the results of these laboratory tests, together with the shear modulus from an in-situ seismic survey, the small-strain shear modulus was formulated in terms of the stress and strain levels, and linked also to undrained shear strength. Interactions of the small strain stiffness between in-situ and laboratory are discussed in depth with an attention paid to the existing aging effect in the original subsurface condition.

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背景と目的：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症は，積極的な治療介入が必要とされる．その第一選択薬はビスホスホネート製剤（以下ビス）であるが，近年，デノスマブ（以下デノス）も注目を浴びている．ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の骨密度に対する両者の効果を比較検討した．

方法：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の管理と治療ガイドライン：2014年改訂版の薬物療法開始の基準を満たした患者を対象とした．無治療群（N群）と，治療介入群として当初よりビスで治療したBB群，ビス後デノスに変更したBD群，デノスで治療したDD群，デノス後ビスに変更したDB群を抽出し，ステロイド投与を開始した時，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症に対する治療を開始した時または薬剤変更から

カ月後の腰椎，大腿骨頚部と大転子部の骨密度を測定し，それらの変化を統計学的に比較検討した．

結果：149例が抽出され，その内訳は，N群48例，BB群24例，BD群

例，DD群21例，DB群34例であった．治療開始時または薬剤変更からカ月後にBD群を除くすべての治療介入群で腰椎の骨密度が上昇した．大腿骨の骨密度は，BD群において薬剤変更後に上昇に転じた．

考察：デノスにはビスと同様の骨密度上昇効果があると考えられた．

結論：デノスは，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症治療の第一選択薬となり得る．

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