A set of , i.., indica/japonica//japonica and indica/japonica//indica, were produced to specifically compare the effect of heterozygotes and homozygotes at each QTL locus in an indica-japonica hybrid in rice. Grain shape traits and seedling characteristics were measured, in and , respectively. Five QTLs were detected for grain width on chromosome 1, 2, and 7. Two QTLs were detected for the 1000-grain weight on chromosomes 4 and . Three QTLs were detected for the grain thickness on chromosomes 2 and . Four QTLs were detected for the seedling weight on chromosomes , and 12, in addition to three QTLs for other seedling traits, length of first leaf, seedling height and chlorophyll content, on chromosomes 1, 3 and , respectively. In the comparison of marker genotypes of , and , QTLs were detected either between and or between and , and there was no case in which was superior to and . In both analyses, each positive effect was contributed from either one of the parents. So far as the present data concern, it was able to conclude that the high level of heterosis in the current indica-japonica hybrids was manifested by a cumulative partial dominant effect of the heterozygotes at many loci and not by overdominance. Then, the set of QTL data for positive effects are considered to be systematically utilized in breeding of parental lines by using molecular markers.

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First and second backcrosses of amphidiploid hybrids (2n = 4x = 32, genomes AAFF) between shallot (Allium cepa Aggregatum group) and A. fistulosum were conducted to produce A. cepa – A. fistulosum alien addition lines. When shallot (A. cepa Aggregatum group) was used as a pollinator, the amphidiploids and allotriploids set germinable and seeds, respectively. The 237 plants mainly consisted of 170 allotriploids (2n = 3x = 24, AAF) and 42 hypo-allotriploids possessing 23 chromosomes, i.., single-alien deletions (2n = 3x–1 = 23, AAF-nF). The single-alien deletions in the progeny showed dwarfing characteristics and were discriminated from the allotriploids (2n = 24) and hyper-allotriploids (2n = 25) by means of flow cytometric analysis. The chromosome numbers of 46 seedlings varied from 16 to 24. Eight monosomic additions (2n = 2x+1 = 17, +nF) and 20 single-alien deletions were found in these seedlings. Consequently, six kinds of A. cepa – A. fistulosum alien chromosome additions possessing different chromosome numbers (2n = 17, 18, 20, 21, , 23) were recognized in the and populations. A total of 79 aneuploids, including 62 single-alien deletions, were analyzed by a chromosome -specific isozyme marker (Got-2) in order to recognize its existence in their chromosome complements. This analysis revealed that two out of 62 single-alien deletions did not possess . One (AAF-) out of the possible eight single-alien deletions could be identified at first. The present study is a first step toward the development of a useful tool, such as a complete set of eight different single-alien deletions, for the rapid chromosomal assignment of genes and genetic markers in A. fistulosum.

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The design implication of stress-confinement effect of nonwoven geotextile is addressed. The unconfined and confined strengths of a selected needle-punched nonwoven geotextile are used to conduct a comparative design of a granular soil retaining wall based on a limit equilibrium approach. A higher wall may be allowed when considering the confined strength as compared to the unconfined strength. For a selected wall height, confined strength allows for fewer geotextile layers when compared to that designed using unconfined strength. It is recommended that stress-confinement test procedure should be standardized so that confinement effect of some nonwoven geotextiles may be incorporated into an individual wall design procedure.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-3β,,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, and did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at .1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C- of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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3(2-ビニル)--メチルピリダジノン(1)および 3(2-ビニル)--メチル-4, -ジヒドロピリダジノン(2)とアクリル酸()のラジカル共重合を行ない,既報の(1)とメタクリル酸メチルとの共重合結果と比較した。
モノマー反応牲比および Q,値は(1)(M1)-(M2)系で r1=.75,r2=.15, Ql=2., 1=-.72,また(2)(M1)-(M2)系に対して r1=O.06, r2=O.10, Q1=2.05, 1=-1.50となり共重合性にすぐれ,またQ値は(1)の方が大きく,値は(2)の方が負に大きくなっていた。
生成共重合体の数平均分子量(Mn),あるいはモノマーのIRスペクトルならびにイオン化能力の測定結果,系では水素結合による相互作用が働いていることが示された。

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Four new sterols, , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-(14), -diene-3β, 7β-diol (1), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, , , 7α-tetrol (2), (, 24R)-ergosta-7, 9(11), -triene-3β, , -triol (3) and 3β, , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-ergost--en-7-one (4), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. . GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (-18), of which two ( and ) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

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Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were tested for cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cells in a study utilizing a chemically induced cancer ofthe bladder (transitional cell carcinoma), -47, in inbred ACI/N rats. From tumors grown after subcutaneous implantation of -47 in the rats TIL were separated by density gradient centrifugation and incubated in plastic dishes for separation of non-adherent from adherent cells. The non-adherent cells were further fractionated into T and B cells by the panning method using anti-rat (ab')₂ antibody. The cell fractions were each added to -47 in culture to be assessed for antitumor effect by the crystal violet dye exclusion method and 3H-thymidine incorporation inhibition assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were also tested as described above. TIL expressed significantly higher cytotoxicity against -47 with the mean % cytotoxicity of 56.±.% and 87.±7.1% at /T ratios of 10:1 and 20:1, respectively, as compared to PBMC(9.9±.% at /T 10:1) (P<.001). The adherent cells, B and T cell fractions showed respective % cytotoxicity of 92.4±2.%, 57.9±10.% and 9.9±7.% at an /T ratio of 10:1. TIL pretreated with IFN or rIL-2 for 24or 48 hours did not exhibit any noticeably enhanced antitumor activity at an /T ratio of :1. Prevention of direct contact of -47 cells and TIL by an interposed Millipore membrane () resulted in an unequivocal reduction of antitumor effect. This finding clearly indicates that the direct contact with -47cells and TIL is necessary for TIL to manifest their cytotoxicity against the autologous tumor cells, suggesting that TIL exhibit autologous tumor killing activity through cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

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It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s=1 and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : (1) Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and (3) All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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Six new cembranoids sarcophytol P (3), R (4), S (), K (), (11), and T (13) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophytol P (3) was shown to be the 20-hydroxy derivative of the major component sarcophytol A (1), and afforded the cyclization product in CHCl_3 at room temperature, in a same way as in 1. Sarcophytols R (4) and S () were correlated to 1, by conversion of its 7R,R and 7S,S epoxide derivatives. Sarcophytol K() was a 13, 14-dihydroxycembranoid having a 1,3Z-diene moiety. The absolute configuration of and its 1Z,3- and 1Z,3Z-isomers sarcophytol B (2) and J (10) were determined by circular dichroism study of their bis-p-dimethylaminobenzoate derivatives. Sarcophytols (11) and T (13) were 1- and 1,3Z-isomers of 1. Compound 11 showed characteristic broadening of the ^1H-NMR chemical shifts, due to the restricted conformational interconversion. Using the three cembranoids sarcophytols (11, 1,3), N (15, 1Z,3Z) and T (13,1,3Z), spontaneous autoxidation-cyclization, in CHCl_3,was examined, in order to compare the stereochemical course of the reaction with that of 1 (1Z,3), which affords trans-fused bicyclo[9.3.]tetradecene systems. The 1,3Z-isomer 13 gave the same cyclization product 18, as in the reaction of 1, even though it is isomeric at C-1,3. The 1Z,3Z isomer 15 gave 19, in consequence of the reversed geometry at C-3 of 15. The 1,3-isomer (11) gave the bicyclic product , having an antipodal fusion as compared with 19. This was confirmed by PCC oxidation of 19 and , giving enantiomeric ketones 23 and 24 respectively. The 1(14)-epoxide 26 was shown to be the immediate precursor of , and acounted for the inversion of the geometry at C-1 of the cyclization product. Compound 26 is isomeric with the epoxide 17 derived from 1. The epoxide 17 is the postulated precursor in the conversion of 13 to 18. It is noteworthy that the mode of antipodal fusion of the cyclopentane rings, in 18 and , was controlled by the chirality of the epoxy rings. The C-14 hydroxyl group participates in the transannular cyclization, but was found not to be the requisite functional group for the reaction. Similar treatment of cembrene C (30), the parent hydrocarbon of 1, also reacted in CHCl_3 giving the bicyclic product 32.

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In the first part of the present work the interaction of glycophorin with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, densitometry, calorimetry, and 90° static light scattering. An exothermic lipid/protein interaction energy of W_P=190 kJ•mol^-1 was found by application of the well known Van Laar relation for the displacement of the freezing point and the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Secondly, the effects of Ca²⁺ on the lipid/protein interaction were studied. Following Ca²⁺ addition a remarkable decoupling of the interaction of the glycophorin head group with the bilayer surface was revealed by densitometry and gold-labeling electron microscopy. It is estimated that about 80% of lipid once disturbed by the adsorption of glycophorin head groups is decoupled after addition of Ca²⁺. Thirdly, the selective interaction of glycophorin with binary lipid mixtures was studied, including the mixtures of DMPC with dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and the mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with DLPC.

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1. Allohexaploid, minuta-australiensis (2n=72, BBCCEE), was synthesized successfully, treating with .05% colchicine the young shoot vegetatively propagated from buds on the node of the hybrid.
2. In MI of PMCs, bivalent chromosomes ranging from 29 to 36, and univalents from to 14 were observed. The average chromosome configuration was 35.12_II+1.76_I, the mode of bivalents and univalents being 36 and respectively. These bivalents paired tightly. More than a half of univalents observed were assumed to be the result of precocious division of bivalents.
3. In spite of the homogenetic association occurring exclusively in respective three sets of different genomes of the amphiploid, several meiotic irregularities were observed. Accordingly, the fertilities of pollen and seed were unexpectedly low, being .% and 14.4% respectively. Some unknown cause or causes other than the chromosomal homology must have been responsible for such situation.
4. The present amphiploid minuta-australiensis differs from the male-sterile amphiploid sativa-minuta only in its containing genome instead of A. Therefore, one of the causes of male-sterility of amphiploid sativa-minuta, and perhaps of sativa-latifolia, seems to be found in A genome itself or to be due to the interaction between A and or CD genomes. Accordingly, genome of O. australiensis expressed clearly different effect from A, on the development of anthers in amphiploid level, when brought together with genomes.
. Amphiploid, minuta-australiensis, showed the gigas nature in most characters, and it had fewer tillers and set seeds more sparsely. Under a controlled short-day condition it shot the panicle about 10 days later than the original .

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A methanol extract of the flowers of Mammea siamensis (Calophyllaceae) was found to inhibit enzymatic activity against aromatase (IC₅₀=16. µg/mL). From the extract, two new geranylated coumarins, mammeasins C (1) and D (2), were isolated together with seven coumarins: -hydroxy--methyl-7-(3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,-dienyl)-9-(2-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-4,-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]chromen-2-one (9), -hydroxy--methyl-7-(3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,-dienyl)-9-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-4,-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]chromen-2-one (10), mammeas A/ (14), A/AB (15), A/ cyclo D (18), /BA (23), and / cyclo D (25). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Among the isolates including 17 previously reported coumarins, 1 (IC₅₀=2.7 µM), 2 (3. µM), and mammea B/AB cyclo D (21, 3.1 µM) showed relatively strong inhibitory activities comparable to the activity of the synthetic nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide (2. µM).

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Bicyclo [3.1.] hexane derivatives are of considerable importance in natural product synthesis due to the versatility of the cyclopropane ring and the ubiquitous occurrence of the cyclopentane ring in natural products. We wish to report asymmetric synthesis of bicyclo-[3.1.] hexanes and their application to the natural products synthesis. 1. Asymmetric Synthesis of Bicyclo [3.1.] hexanes. Chiral diazocarbonyl compounds (, and 13) were prepared from methyl acetoacetate() and (R) or (S)- pantolactone. Diastereoselective intramolecular cyclopropanation of , and 13 using bis(oxazoline)copper (I) complexes or Rh_2(OAc)_4 as catalysts gave cyclopropanes (, 7 and 14) with 50-70% d.. which were easily separated by simple silica-gel chromatography. Hydrolysis of , 7 and 14 followed by esterification gave chiral bicyclo [3.1.]-hexanes ((-)-3, (+)-3,and (-)-4). 2. Chiral Syntheses of Vitamin D_3 CD Ring Synthon, ent-Vitamin D_3 CD Ring Synthon and Formal Synthesis of (-)-Carbovir. Opening of enantiomerically pure (-)-3 and (+)-3 with cuprous iodide-mediated 4-methyl-pentylmagnesium bromide, followed by further synthetic modification, lead to (+)-vitamin D_3 CD ring synthon((+)-19) and (-)-ent-vitamin D_3 CD ring synthon((-)-19). Alcohol (24), an immediate precursor to anti-HIV agent (-)-carbovir was synthesized in 7 steps utilizing the addition of acetic acid to enantiomerically pure 14 as a key step. 3. Cleavage Reaction of Bicyclic Compounds and Synthesis of -Oxavitamin D_3 CD Ring Synthon and Formal Synthesis of (±)-epi-Juvabion. We found 3 was cleaved cleanly by various alcohols in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate and vitamin D_3 analogue, -oxavitamin D_3 CD ring synthon (30) was synthesized using that reaction. The optimized yield of addition of organocopper reagents to 3 was obtained using higher order cyano cuprate in the presence of trimethylsilylcyanide. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of (±)-epi-juvabion intermediate(36).

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A new glucuronide, (R)-3β, 16β, , 26-tetrahydroxycholest--ene 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-gluc-uronopyranoside (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Chinese Solanum lyratum THUNB. The structure of this new steroidal glucuronide was deduced by spectroscopic means and the identity of its aglycone was substantiated by comparison with an authentic sample derived from diosgenin acetate.

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