The aim of this study was to elucidate the incidence of a depressive state at a mean followup of years in patients with moyamoya disease. Furthermore, this study examined the possibility of dysfunction influencing the occurrence of depressive state. Thirty patients were assessed using the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-J, and the Assessment Battery in an outpatient setting. Eight patients (26.7%) were found to have developed a depressive state. function, disease duration, and headache were statistically related to the occurrence of a depressive state. Further studies are needed to clarify the correlation between a depressive state and dysfunction; however, patients with moyamoya disease should be evaluated and treated as needed for a depressive state.

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Time resolved spectroscopy (TRS) allows us to measure absolute values of hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations at rest. We evaluated reliability of TRS measurements of brain function. At first, we compared Hb concentrations of the in the morning, noon, and evening in 16 normal young adults, and found no significant difference between the times. Then, we evaluated the relation between SO2 in the and cognitive function measured by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) in middle-aged people and seniors, and found significant positive correlation between them (Fig.1). These results suggest that TRS may be a useful tool for assess the cognitive function.

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CTAの行政上の取り扱い、歴史、投資戦略等をまず簡単に説明する。CTAとは金融先物、オプション、スワップを対象とした取り引きに関する投資のアドバイスやサービスを個人、ファンドに提供する個人、または組織に対する金融行政上の用語で、正式名はCommodity trading advisorである。CTAという用語は投資信託、ETFを含むヘッジファンド、プライベートファンドへの投資アドバイスにも適応される。CTAs は米国連邦政府による規制対象であり Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) への登録と National Futures Association (NFA) のメンバーになることが義務付けられている。また、CTAはヘッジファンドの投資スタイルのひとつ (Global Macro) でもある。

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The relationship between methylmercury (MeHg) exposure and aquaporin (AQP) expression in the brain is currently unknown. To investigate this, we used a common marmoset model of acute MeHg exposure to examine AQP1, AQP4 and AQP11 gene expression. MeHg (1.5 mg Hg/kg/day p.o.) was given to three marmosets for 14 days, followed by 14 days without. All treated marmosets showed slight akinesia before sacrifice. In the , occipital and cerebellum, total mercury concentrations following MeHg administration were 26.7, 31.4, and .6 μg/g, respectively. Slight apoptosis was observed in the occipital . Immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, its mRNA and Iba1 with MeHg, indicating that neuronal injury activated astrocytes and microglia. There was no significant difference between control and MeHg-administered groups in AQP1 protein or AQP11 mRNA in the , occipital or cerebellum. The ratio of AQP4 mRNA expression in MeHg-administered marmosets to the mean AQR4 expression in the controls (n = 3) were 1.3, 1.5 and 1.2, 1.7, 1.9 and 1.5, and 1.5, 1.6 and 1.2 for the , occipital and cerebellum, respectively. Western blotting showed significantly increased AQP4 protein in the occipital and cerebellum with MeHg administration, but no obvious up-regulation in the . Immunofluorescence analysis with double staining revealed low AQP4 expression in the cell body of reactive astrocytes in the MeHg-administered group. These results indicate that AQP4 expression might be stimulated by MeHg exposure in astrocytes in the occipital and cerebellum, suggesting a role for AQP4 in MeHg neurotoxicity via astrocyte dysfunction.

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帯状疱疹に対するRo-8181の有効性, 安全性および有用性を検討するため, ヒト血清アルブミンを対照薬として, 二重盲検比較試験を行つた。皮膚症状の観察項目別の改善率では, 水疱·膿疱において投与開始後5日目でRo-8181群70%, placebo群50%で, 両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。皮膚症状改善度の推移を著明改善以上の症例についてみると, 投与開始後4日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群8%, placebo群0%であり, Fisherの直接計算法で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。また, 投与開始後5日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群15%, placebo群3%であり, κ² 検定で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。主治医による有効性の判定ではU検定でRo-8181群が優れている傾向が認められた。主治医による安全性の判定では副作用発現率がRo-8181群83%, placebo群14%であり, U検定で両群間に差(p<0.001)が認められた。主治医による有用性の判定ではU検定で両群間に差は認められなかつた。以上の結果より, 帯状疱疹に対し, Ro-8181は皮疹のうち水疱·膿疱に対して有効であり, 主治医判定でも有効性が認められたが, 安全性については本薬剤の耐薬性が示されたものの副作用の発現率が高かつたため, 有用性は高くないと考えられた。

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The Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) recommends the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) as reference values for preventing adverse health effects on workers caused by occupational exposure to chemical substances, continuous or intermittent noise, impulsive or impact noise, heat stress, cold stress, whole-body vibration, hand-arm vibration and time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields and ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.

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Intracerebral injection of vegetative myxamoebae of strains of Polysphondylium pallidum caused 80 to 100% mortality in mice, whereas a 30 to 50% mortality occurred with strains of Dictyostelium giganteum and D. mucoroides. Death is attributable to an unidentified toxic factor. Histopathologically a giant cell formation was seen in the spleen of mice. This cell was different from Langerhan's or foreign body giant cell. Rats injected intracerebrally behaved similarly. Intranasal instillation of myxamoebae in guinea pigs caused transient pneumonia. Myxamoebae do not multiply in the brain tissues of mice or rats, or in the lungs of guinea pigs.
Intranasal instillation of vegetative myxamoebae is less pathogenic than free living amoebae like Hartmanella culbertsoni, H. rhysodes, Naegleria sp. (Culbertson strain HB-1), or Naegleria aerobia.

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The nd Annual Meeting of Japan Society for Science Education (JSSE) was held on July 29-31, 1998 at Tokyo Gakugei University in western suburb of Tokyo with about 290 registrants under the main theme of "Towards Implementation of Science Curriculum for Construction of Creation and Symbiosis." Number of papers over 210 were presented in both main sessions and general presentations. There were two symposiums, one lecture, one forum, one international forum, one workshop, three sessions of themes set by the steering committee and ten sessions of themes set independently by members of JSSE in main sessions. Also, there were many other general presentations. Many papers were presented coping with the main theme. They were a lecture related to learning and creativity based on advance of brain, and many presentations related to symbiosis such as relation between in-door and out-door school activities, school based research activities such as curriculum development, and way of finding new methodology of research on classroom, consistency of curriculum through elementary to high school, pre-service teacher education, and so on. Contents of claims and discussions in every presentation in main sessions are summarized in this paper.

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Background: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are known to revert to normal cognition, so early intervention during the MCI stage is required. MCI is reported to be associated with a reduction in

volume, blood flow, and metabolism; dysfunction of the lobes has also been reported to increase the risk of progressing to dementia. This study verifies the effects of cognitive rehabilitation targeting executive function in MCI.

Method: MCI patients aged over 65 were divided into a group taking part in the

/Executive Program (FEP Group), and the Control Group. Ten FEP Group patients took part in the FEP, and nine Control Group patients took part in the Group Exercise Program, times each. Cognitive function was evaluated with MoCA-J, BACS-J, and WCST.

Results: The FEP Group showed significant improvements over the Control Group in verbal memory, working memory, executive function, conversion of sets, and persistent wrong answers. A dramatic effect was also seen in the FEP Group before and after intervention in verbal memory, working memory, verbal fluency, executive function, conversion of sets, and persistent wrong answers. These effects on verbal memory, verbal fluency, and conversion of sets were maintained for a period of three months. In addition, 60.0% of the patients in the FEP Group reverted to and maintained normal cognition for three months.

Conclusion: Improvements were seen in the target function due to cognitive rehabilitation targeting

executive function. A high rate of reversion was also seen from MCI to normal cognition.

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[Purpose] In this study, proposed and existing brain indexes derived from quantitative EEG analysis were compared in dementia cases and healthy subjects, to verify their clinical applicability in the diagnosis of dementia. [Subjects] The subjects of this study were 23 elderly women suffering from dementia and 18 elderly women without dementia, who consented to voluntary participation in this study after being informed of its purpose. [Method] There were two kinds of brain indexes used in this study. The first type was already in use and includes the attention (AT) index, the activation (AC) index, and the stress (ST) index. The second type of brain index, proposed by the author of this paper, comprises of the drowsiness (DS) index, the thinking (TK) index, and the complication (CP) index. [Result] There were significant differences between the AT index group and the TK index group in Fz, Fp1, and Fp2 of the prefrontal . However, F3, F4, F7 and F8 of the , showed significant differences only in the AT index. For Pz, P3 and P4 of the parietal , there were significant differences between the AT index group and the DS and TK index group. [Conclusion] The results show that a brain index for detecting dementia in a more accurate and objective way is needed, and that the development of a new brain index is feasible.

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[Purpose] The aim of this study was to verify activity in healthy individuals during the performance of spatial tasks as part of a cognitive therapeutic exercise. [Subjects] Twelve healthy young adults participated in the experiment. [Methods] The spatial tasks were to differentiate the sizes of circles with different diameters. In actual practice, a therapist held the upper limbs of an experiment participant and passively traced 5 randomly appearing circles of differing sizes by moving only the participant's shoulder joint and then had the participant determine the order of the circles. Under control conditions, the participant was not asked to make this determination. Under both experimental and control conditions, the experiment participant was asked to close his or her eyes during the tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used for measurement, and relative changes in blood flow in the were measured. [Results] Blood flow in the premotor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increased significantly (p<0.05) under spatial task conditions in comparison to control conditions. [Conclusion] This result suggests that the premotor cortex, which is responsible for motor learning, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for working memory function, are activated during the performance of spatial tasks as part of cognitive therapeutic exercise.

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A financial market is a diversified dynamical system with many constraints, and price movements are modeled in terms of the micro properties of each transactions and the macro properties of dynamical systems. These two properties must be bridged by the multiplicity. The model forcuses on the size of tick and the number of transactions with the price movement compared with the previous transctions and explains stochastic nature of short-term volatilities and persistently stable long-term volatilities as a results of unique behaviour of heterogeneous market participants.

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This study sought to determine whether aerobic exercise training affects cognitive functioning among semi-independent (> 75 years) and independent elderly people. Seventy-six semi-independent and independent elderly subjects were divided into the following groups: semi-independent control (n = 16); semi-independent training (n = 13); independent control (n = ); independent training (n = 25). During the 12-week intervention, subjects in both training groups performed a bench-stepping exercise at the intensity of the lactate threshold. Subjects were assessed at baseline and post-intervention using the Assessment Battery test (FAB), the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS), and a bench-stepping test of aerobic capacity. During the intervention, FAB scores improved only in the semi-independent training group (p = .002), while 3MS and MMSE scores improved in both the semi-independent training (p = .032 and p = .004) and independent training groups (p = .001 and p = .013). FAB and 3MS scores were higher in the semi-independent training (p = .001 and p = .002) compared with the semi-independent control group after the intervention. Finally, post-intervention scores for FAB, and 3MS in the semi-independent training group almost reached the baseline levels of the independent control and independent training groups. These results indicate that moderate intensity bench-stepping exercise training can improve cognitive and functioning in semi-independent elderly people, almost to the level exhibited by independent elderly people.

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There are many studies on the action of drugs on the central nervous system by means of EEG recording. But little has been made using EEG of an embryo. If drugs are applied to an embryo in which the nerve cells are still in process of maturation in the central nervous system, the changes caused in EEG may provide useful clues for elucidating the mode of action of the drugs. The present study was conducted following this idea. The development of the spontaneous electrical activity in the brain of chick embryos were studied in detail, and then the effects of several drugs were examined.

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In this study, we are discussing the subject of "metaphoric pictures on commercial multi-packs" , and exploring "event-related potentials ERP)" in terms of the metaphoric pictures for "product association". We have the following findings: (1) The metaphoric pictures can be divided into 3 levels: product physicality, product content, and product property. (2) The result of ERP experiment on the metaphoric pictures shows that pictures with higher association (product physicality) will have larger ERP amplitude in P300 component; the activation of the brain goes gradually from to parietal . In this research, pictures with high association and affective pictures are positively correlated in ERP reaction time and the activation in the brain positions. We expect researchers to examine the relationship between design ideas and cerebral activity that aids an interdisciplinary development of figure design.

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[Purpose] To study the brain function during a dual task (cycling exercise and cognitive training) via functional near-infrared spectroscopy in young males. [Participants and Methods] Twenty Japanese young male participants were divided into intervention and control groups by simple randomization (n=10 per group). In the intervention group, participants were given a cognitive program training and cycling exercise (dual task). The control group was given the cognitive program training (single task) only. The cognitive program training consisted of a warm up, followed by 2 minutes of rock-paper-scissors, 2 minutes of numeric memory, 2 minutes of color matching, 2 minutes of calculations, and a cool down. Brain function tests were performed individually throughout the programs by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. [Results] The oxyhemoglobin levels significantly increased in the

of the intervention and control groups after program completion compared to before. And the oxyhemoglobin levels of the intervention group also significantly increased more than control group in the prefrontal cortex and motor area. [Conclusion] This program used by Cognibike was also effective for improving hemoglobin oxygen levels at the in young males.

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[Purpose] This study determined the differences in the brain activation between healthy elderly women (75.89 ± 6.44 years of age) and healthy adult women (.11 ± 2.04 years). [Subjects] Twenty-seven healthy elderly women who could independent daily living with no history of brain diseases such as stroke or schizophrenia and 27 healthy adult women who are studying at S university in Busan were as participants in this study. [Methods] Examinations used twenty electrodes attached to the head to capture electrical brain signals during brain activated states such as the awaked state and the data were compared between the two groups of women. The AT index is the ratio of theta waves and SMR waves. The AC index is the ratio of alpha waves to low beta waves. The ST index is the ratio of high beta waves to alpha waves. The Mann-Whitney test was conducted to examine changes in EEG. [Results] Fp1, Fp2, Fz, F3, F4, F7, F8, and Pz areas indicate a significantly lower AT index in the healthy elderly women than in the healthy adult women. The Fp1, Fp2, Fz, F3, F4, F7, F8, Pz, P3, and P4 areas all showed a significantly higher AC index in the healthy elderly women, they who also had a significantly higher ST index than the healthy adult women in the Fz, F3, F4, F8, Pz, P3, and P4 areas. [Conclusion] We showed that the brain of the healthy elderly women lacks rest for processing information which is received during eyes open. We also demonstrated the capability of the quantitative EEG in the examination of cognitive impairments.

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