The purpose of our work is to design a real-time multimodal emotion extraction system based on fuzzy inference, and to implement it to a multi-core processor. We have been studied emotion extraction systems from voice and facial expressions separately. In general, emotions of human being are unstable therefore emotion extraction from single source will reach a limit. Multi-modal sensing like human beings do becomes important. We implemented a multi-modal emotion extraction system based on fuzzy inference to the Cell Broadband Engine TM. Our system deals with facial expressions and voice. To extend the system in the future, processes are partitioned by making thread for each source. The system can be extended easily by adding or modifying a thread. We got a good performance by assigning processing corresponding to each source to processor cores.

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The distribution of the facial neurons that innervate several facial muscles was determined in the rabbit and the rat by examining the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The target muscles were levator nasolabialis, m. levator labii superioris, m. zygomaticus, and m. buccinator pars buccalis, as well as m. parietoauricularis and m. in the rabbit and m. levator auricularis posterioris in the rat. Localization of the retrogradely labeled neurons within the ipsilateral facial nucleus was confirmed for all facial muscles examined. Our results showed that m. levator nasolabialis was innervated by neurons located in the dorsal subnucleus, while the motoneurons innervating m. buccinator pars buccalis were distributed within the dorsal part of the intermediate subnucleus of the facial nucleus in the both species. Localization of the labeled motoneurons innervating m. zygomaticus and m. levator labii superioris showed the difference in the distribution within the facial nucleus among the species. Neurons innervating m. parietoauricularis and m. levator auricularis posterioris were localized in somewhat different subregions of the medial subnucleus in these species. M. was innervated by the neurons distributed within the intermediate subnucleus of the facial nucleus in the rabbit. Thus, our findings revealed that there is speciesspecific motor innervation pattern in rabbits and rats, despite several movement of the face is supplied by the homologous facial muscles.

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Anatomical observation wa s conducted on the facial musculature on each side of the face of 32 bodies (14 male,18 female) of Macacus cyclopsis (60 cases).
The following findings were obtained. The facial muscles of primates do not have defin i te muscle fascia such as other skeletal muscles. The evolution of these muscle is reported to be the greatest (Huber) and complicated (Supli van and Osgoo d) at the glabella, the supraorbital region and about the mouth. Similar findings were noted in Macacus cyclopsis. All of these facial muscles are supplied by branches from N. facialis.
1) M. orbicularis oculi This muscle may b e divided into Pars palpebralis, orbitalis, and peripheralis but the former two are unremarkable. Pars peripheralis is called M. malaris and if its Caput laterale has a bony attachment it should be called M. zygomaticus minor. The origin is by Caput mediale and Caput laterale but during its course, it interdigitates with the muscle fibers of M. levator labii sup. alaeque nasi and M. levator labii sup. to form a single muscular mass and runs to the upper lip.
2) M. supercilii This is a part of the fibers from the medial region of M. orbicularis oculi. They intermesh with the muscle fibers of M. frontalis, M. procerus and M. corrugator supercilii at between the brows and it is difficult to separate them.
3) M. corrugator supe r cilii This muscle which should be considered a part of the deep fibers of M. orbicularis oculi interdigitates with the muscle fibers of M. supercilii and M. frontalis.
4) M. procerus This is an unpaired muscle formed by the union of M. levator labii sup. alaeque nasi on each side. This muscle is ill-defined due to the interdigitation of muscle fibers.

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Mastering the proper method of pronunciation of foreign words is the common wish in learning foreign languages. This paper deals with the surface EMG measurement of the facial muscles in speaking English words, and investigated the mainly used muscle(s), the training effect and the comparison of EMG signal between similar sounds. The result is discussed from the viewpoint of skill acquisition.

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Bilateral, asymmetric anomalies of the anterior bellies of digastric muscles were observed during dissection of the submental region. Specifically, four extra muscle bundles were found between the anterior bellies of the digastric muscle. Although anomalies of the anterior bellies of digastric muscles are often observed, this complicated pattern of digastric anomalies has not been previously reported. Our findings and previous observations illustrate the morphogenetic complexity of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle derived from the first pharyngeal arch, which gives rise to jaw musculature such as the mylohyoid muscle. (J Oral Sci 53, 523-527, 2011)

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Summary: The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) was advocated by Mitz and Peyronie in 1976. The concept of this superficial fascia was established by surgical findings of facelift surgery and is familiar to plastic surgeons and anatomists. However, detailed characteristics of this fascia are still not widely known among head and neck surgeons. Moreover, the SMAS is generally located at the parotid and cheek regions and divides facial fat into superficial and deep layers. The SMAS connects to the superficial temporal fascia cranially and to the platysma caudally. The frontal muscle and the peripheral part of the orbicularis oculi are also in the same plane. The exact expanse of the SMAS in the face is controversial. Some authors claimed that the SMAS exists in the upper lip, whereas others denied the continuity of the SMAS to the superficial temporal fascia in a histological study. There are various other opinions regarding SMAS aside from those mentioned above. The concept of the SMAS is very important for facial soft tissue surgeries because the SMAS is a good surgical landmark to avoid facial nerve injuries. Therefore, this article summarized SMAS from an anatomical point of view.

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We have been developing the pronunciation training system, in which visual instruction about the correct articulation are shown. These instructions are produced based on the formants of speech signal and show the shape of articulator to the learners. They work effectively, but more comprehensible instruction on how to move the articulator is required. We think that the facial muscles that move the articulator are useful to such the instruction. In this report, we attempt to construct lips movement model representing the relationship between the facial muscles activity and the lips movement and discuss the application of this model to pronunciation training.

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In order to better understand the pronunciation of the Chinese language, we investigated the movements of the oral cavity during pronunciation of the pinyinzimu sounds which were defined in 1958.
We found from examination of palatogram and linguogram, and from the contact time of the tongue and palate that, more so than is the case with English or Japanese, it is necessary to make the tip of the tongue contact the palate lightly and for a longer duration in order to correctly pronounce the pinyinzimu sounds. Examination of the velocity in the mandibular incisor region revealed that it is greater during the open phase than the closed phase both for vowels and consonants. It was also found that the velocity during the closed phase is greater for vowels than for consonants.
In addition, examination of the muscles associated with the oral cavity and the degree of opening indicated it was possible to determine the rest position by pronouncing the z, c, and s sounds which are made in the anterior of the mouth with the tip of the tongue (dental sounds).

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The present study investigated the imaging features of odontogenic cutaneous sinus tract. CT and MR images of 12 patients with odontogenic cutaneous sinus tract were retrospectively investigated. The sinus tracts originated at mandibular teeth in 10 patients, and in the maxilla in only two patients. In patients with infection of mandibular teeth, the imaging features were classified into three types with reference to the location of the fistula and causal teeth. In 6 patients with Type I appearance, infections originated in the mandibular molar and a fistula was formed on the skin surface of the cheek piercing the platysma muscle between the and the masseter muscles on axial images. On coronal images, fistura was observed between the buccinator muscle and the attached portion of the palatysma muscle to the mandible. A patient showing Type II appearance had a periapical lesion of the mandibular canine and a fistula was formed between the mentalis and the muscles piercing the labii inferioris muscle. In 3 Type III patients showing findings of extensive osteomyelitis of the mandible, sinus tracts opened near the inferior border of the mandible. The opening site of odontogenic cutaneous sinus tracts were restricted by their casual teeth and surrounding anatomical structures, especially by the masseter, , buccinator, mentalis and platysma muscles. CT and MR imaging appeared to be useful to depict these features.

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This research examined the feasibility of detecting sleepiness using expression features. About seven distances between facial feature points were set up as expression features based on the movement of expression muscles. The facial feature points were detected by pattern recognition using an Active Appearance Model (AAM). A sleeping experiment using a driving simulation task was conducted to measure the correlation between sleepiness levels and expression features, and then determine the feasibility of sleepiness detection.

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脳卒中等による顔面麻痺は非言語的コミュニケーションの妨げとなる。中枢神経疾患による顔面麻痺は，全身のバランス反応の乏しさや，肩甲帯周囲からの異常な姿勢緊張と姿勢運動パターンの影響を受けやすい。したがって治療では全身の姿勢緊張を正常化しつつ，バランス反応と姿勢運動パターンの向上を初めに努める。次に顔面麻痺自体への対応をする。この概念を吟味するために，脳卒中後顔面麻痺をもち1年1週後に当院へ入院したミラード・ガブラー症候群の57歳女子を対象として検討した。理学療法士と言語治療士は協同して治療にあたった。評価方法として，ビデオカメラ・ピドスコープを利用した重心動揺軌跡・写真・顔面筋の筋力テストと表面筋電図・兎眼については眼瞼裂上下高の計測を用いて変化をみた。治療5カ月3週後に顔面の非対称の表情は改善をみた。

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For the technical improvement for brass instrument players it is important to obtain the detailed control parameters for embouchure building. While many investigators have reported the preliminary data on the muscle behavior, the precise aspects are unrevealed so far. The purpose of the present paper is to study dynamic perioral muscle behavior of French horn players and to investigate their lip valve function by measuring the contact pressure on teeth buccal surface during playing. It was shown from the experimental results that the advanced players contracted angulioris and levator angulioris especially for high tone playing. It is considered that the combined contraction by these muscles contributes to forming smaller lip aperture being suitable to produce higher tones. Inversely a strong contraction of m. buccinator, which is widely believed to work to give hard tension to player’s lip, was observed insignificantly in the advanced players.

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Orbicularis superior and inferior (OOS, OOI), levator (LAO), (DAO), and mentalis (Ment) are considered as typical perioral muscles that contribute to the occurrence of force or pressure in or around lip aperture. This study presents the experimental and analytical results that show the correlationships between electrical muscle activities of these muscles and such mechanical parameters on bilabial closing force, puckering force, POM value and so forth. Besides zeor-lag correlation coefficients between rectified and low-pass filtered SEMG signals of LAO and DAO was constantly greater than other muscle combinations sometimes including that of OOS and OOI, which are believed to be the most closely correlated motors in common for lip movement. Consequently we succeeded to prove the great importance of the coordination between LAO and DAO to produce bilabial consonants.

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To discuss and compare the a u thor's results with previous authors' the problem is divided into six items: Arteria or Ramus angularis ; continuation of A. facialis; branching features of Aa. infraorbitalis and labialis superior; courses; and branches of the arteries; anastomosis between the superior labials on both sides. The present author wishes to give new names for some branches.

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The facial muscles are composed ofstriated muscle fibers, as well as other skeletal muscles, and can produce more delicate and complex expressions. We studied 2 facial muscles of 10 Japanese cadavers (8 males and 2 females, average 74.7 years old) by histological techniques. We measured the cross-sectional area of the muscle belly (mm²), number ofmuscle fibers per mm², total number ofmuscle fibers, and muscle fiber size (μm²). The orism. was predominant for the cross-sectional area and the total number of muscle fibers than other facial muscles. For the muscle fiber size, muscles inserted to the angle of the mouth were larger than those inserted to the lip. The orbicularis oculi and orbicularis muscles were the smallest facial muscles. The muscle fiber sizes in the facial muscles were less than other skeletal muscles.

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ヒトの表情筋の記載は、16世紀中期のガレノスに始まる。詳細な表情筋の解剖図はアンドレヴェザリウスに始まり、その後は他の解剖学者によって、それぞれ特色のある図として記載されている。

今回、解剖図の歴史的変化と表情筋という名称の移り変わりをガレノス、レオナルドダヴィンチより19世紀後半に至るまで調査した。その結果、ヴェザリウスの後、サントリーニによって表情筋の詳細な記述と解剖図が記載されたことがわかった。サントリーニが記述したより以前は、頭部の筋として表情筋と咀嚼筋は同一の頭部の筋と考えられていた。サントリーニによってはじめて表情筋と咀嚼筋が明確に区別された。さらに笑筋についてもその詳細が記述された。しかし、それでも19世紀前半では、表情筋と咀嚼筋の区別をしていない解剖書が多くみられた。

我が国での表情筋と咀嚼筋の最初の説明記載は、クルムスの解剖書を原本とした『解体新書』であった。明治期になると、ドイツ医学が採用されたことでドイツ語の解剖書を用いた説明と解剖図が多数を占めていた。

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The present report describes an anomalous case of the risorius arising from the masseter tendon of an 83-year-old Japanese male used for student dissection practice. In this case, the risorius appeared to be almost of the typical type. However, one part of the risorius arose not from the fascia or skin over the masseter but directly from the masseter tendon itself. Such a situation is considered rare, since only one similar case has been reported by Eisler (1912).

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Cayler cardio-facial症候群は，啼泣時の顔面非対称と先天性心疾患を合併した疾患である。啼泣時の顔面非対称性は片側の口角下制筋形成不全または欠損によるものだが，口腔内所見についての報告はない。今回，われわれはCayler cardio-facial症候群の患児を経験し，口腔内所見も含めて検討したので，その概要を報告する。

患児の初診時年齢は3歳3か月で，男児であった。出生時，心室中隔欠損症と診断されたが，1歳時に自然閉鎖した。安静時の顔貌は左右対称性であったが，啼泣時や開口時に右口角と下口唇が下がらず，左右非対称が認められた。発音，捕食，咀嚼，嚥下などの機能については問題がみられなかった。ターミナルプレーンは左側が遠心階段型，右側が垂直型であり，乳犬歯咬合関係はⅠ型で，過蓋咬合であった。歯列弓幅径は，明確な左右差を認めなかった。開口時の顔貌左右非対称は，7歳時でも認められた。心室中隔欠損症は，1歳時に自然閉鎖し，その後は運動制限や心雑音もないので，歯科治療上，歯科治療の可否，アドレナリン使用量，感染性心内膜炎の予防などについて配慮すべき事項はなかった。Cayler cardio-facial症候群における片側の口角下制筋形成不全または欠損は，口腔内への影響はないと考えられた。しかしながら，啼泣時や開口時に顔貌の左右非対称を認めた場合，心疾患の有無について聴取すべきと考えられた。

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The finite element method is used to predict facial deformation following orthognathic surgery for mandibular prognathism. The deformation is calculated using a model that assumes severe skeletal class III malocclusion. The possibilities and limitations of this method for clinical application are described.

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