The purpose of this paper is to review the Research on practices affecting stress-related diseases. We conducted computer searches of research on over the last 30 years (1979-2009), in PubMed and Japan Medical Abstracts, limiting to (TM), Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), and Zen (ZM), and their efficacy in stress-related diseases such as cancer and circulatory disease. We identified 69 studies documenting effects of on stress-related disease over this 30-year period. TM significantly reduced in blood pressure, alleviating hypertension and cardiovascular disease. MBSR improved immune functions and patient quality of life, and reduced chronic pain symptoms. ZM stabilized the autonomic nervous system. The results indicate that the three practices can prevent or alleviate symptoms of stress-related diseases. These effects should be utilized in health promotion.

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Qigong is a method adopted by many people for their health maintenance and therapy at present. But up to this day, there is still no detailed conclusion as to the physiological state of Qigong or how to define it. This study tries to explore and provide a definition for Qigong state. The subject applied Neiyang Gong to enter Qigong state. We used a multifunctional physiological recorder to record the difference of various physiological parameters before and after entering Qigong state. The results showed that when the subject entered Qigong, the alpha brain wave at the left forehead of the cerebrum was concentrated. Temperature of the left palm rose extensively. There were large fluctuations in the electromyogram (EMG) base line of the left hand dorsum. Finger pulse amplitude (FPA) pulse appeared very frequent and the amplitude increased. Skin conductance level (SCL), increased evidently. These physiological parameter variations showed that the subject is under a certain emotional state. Also, exploration of the three characteristics of Qigong showed that Qigong should be a kind of emotional state: we can see that there were several kinds of reactionary methods in the behavioral reactions of Qigong, some people can enter Qigong state in an instant, and after having learnt certain methods and having entered Qigong state, it becomes easier to enter Qigong emotional state continuingly. By understanding the mechanical system of Qigong, we are able to develop a Qigong method that is more effective to physical health maintenance.

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Phenomenon of the heart rate variability (HRV) during various techniques has been reported. However, most of these techniques emphasized the skill of slow breathing (< 0.15 Hz). This paper reports our study on HRV during which emphasizes inward attention. Inward attention has been an important approach for the Zen- practitioners to enter into consciousness. Two groups of subjects were investigated, 10 experimental subjects with Zen- experience and 10 control subjects without any experience. We analyzed HRV both in time and frequency domains. The results revealed both common and different effects on HRV between inward-attention and normal rest. The major difference of effects between two groups were the decrease of LF/HF ratio and LF norm as well as the increase of HF norm, which suggested the benefit of a sympathovagal balance toward parasympathetic activity. Moreover, we observed regular oscillating rhythms of the heart rate when the LF/HF ratio was small under . According to previous studies, regular oscillations of heart rate signal usually appeared in the low-frequency band of HRV under slow breathing. Our findings showed that such regular oscillations could also appear in the high-frequency band of HRV but with smaller amplitude.

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わが国の心身医学の黎明期に, 一つの有力な方法として, 催眠法が注目され, 本法による特殊な意識状態に対して, 催眠性トランスという表現がよく用いられたものである。今日では, 催眠は, 心身医学の領域でも, しだいに忘れられつつあるが, 近年米国を中心にしてASC(altered state of consciousness)に関する科学的な研究が, しだいに活発化してきている。ASCというのは, 催眠性トランスのみでなく, 自律訓練法, TM(超越的瞑想), 禅やヨーガなどによる特殊な意識状態を包括する表現である。このASCが, 生理的なホメオスターシスや心理的なセルフ・コントロールの回復にもつ意味の大きいことが, 国際的に注目されるようになり, これが, 今日, 海外で禅やヨーガなどの東洋的なアプローチが, 人気をよんでいる主な理由でもある。この特別講演で, A.K. Tebecisは, 今日までに開発されているASCについての生理学的なデータを, 最新の知見を組み入れて, 手際よくまとめている。なにしろ, 人間の最高度の精神生理学的な営みを, 科学的に探ろうとするものであり, その方法は, きわめて限られたものであり, その研究成績も、きわめて初歩的な段階のものであることは, 彼が強調しているとおりである。とにかく, ASCのベースをなすものは, trophotropic(走養素性)と呼ばれる状態であり, これが, 心身両面でのホメオスターシスを促すものであることは, 諸種のデータによって, ほぼ類推されるところである。ところが, 自律訓練法, TM, 禅やヨーガにおけるASCの究極の姿として, "meditative concentration", "restful alterness", "relaxed awareness with steady responsiveness", "feeling of great bliss"などとよばれる状態は, 単なるtrophotropicな状態をこえたものである。ここにおいて, 人間のbodyとmindをこえた, フランクルなどのいうspiritとしての精神機能が発現することが, その道の専門家たちによって示唆されており, Tebecisも同じ意見のようである。そこで, 彼は本講演の結びの言葉として, 心身医学は, boryとmindだけでなく, spiritをも包括する学問でなければならないと提言している。しかも, このspiritは, 客体を分析するといった科学的アプローチによってではなく, 研究者が自ら主体的に体験することによってのみ, 真に理解されるものであると述べている。本稿は医学的療法としての自律訓練法と禅, ヨーガなどとの関連をふまえて, この種の療法の基本的メカニズムの理解を助け, 心身医学の研究に一つの新しい示唆を与えるものとして興味深い。Tebecisは, もともとオーストラリアのキャンベラ国立大学で脳の伝達物質の研究をしていた神経生理学者である。それがふとしたことから, ASCの研究に興味をいだくようになり, A. Mearesのすすめで, 九大心療内科に留学すること(日本学術振興会の交換研究員)になったものである。(九大 池見)

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TM（ヨガ瞑想）並びに気功鍛錬中の脳内の機能的な同期性について、リラックス音楽静聴時のコントロールグループと比較し、検討した。グループ1：TM実践者（N = 8、30.38±4.37歳）、グループ2：気功実践者（N = 8、43.00±13.09歳）、グループ3：健常対照群（N = 8、25.13±3.18歳）である。脳波（EEG）は、1）各課題実施前安静、2）実施中、 3）実施後の安静、の３状態を通して計測し、前頭中央-頭頂間（Fz-Pz）、並びに左右頭頂間（C3-C4）のコヒーレンスを計算して比較した。その結果、TMでは瞑想中および瞑想後にC3-C4およびFz-Pzの双方でコヒーレンスが増加したが、気功群では気功法実施後にのみ増加した。対照群に有意な変化はみられなかった。これらの結果から、TM（ヨガ瞑想）は脳内の機能相関を高め、気功は気功後の休息期間中に機能強化が行われるという異なる生理学的メカニズムが示唆された。代替医療的な側面におけるヨガ瞑想と気功鍛錬の用い方の違いとして、臨床的な応用の可能性が考えられた。

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This paper reports a unique interpreter that combines a multi-resolution scheme with autoregressive modeling to identify the EEG (electroencephalograph) patterns including the flat wave (φ), δ, θ, χ, α, and β activities as well as such artifacts as the baseline drift and EMG (electromyograph) interference. With the merits of high computational efficiency and easy hardware realization, the method proposed is feasible for long-term EEG monitoring and online EEG processing. It also allows a quick overview of an enormous amount of EEG data. Moreover, results of applying the proposed scheme to an experimental group (Zen practitioners) and a control group (normal, healthy subjects) reveal significant distinction in spatiotemporal characteristics of EEG rhythmic patterns, especially the spatial propagation of the β rhythm during sessions.

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The incidences of diseases related to mental stress are increasing in Japan. Mental stress, unacknowledged for long periods, has been shown to lead to the development of a number of diseases. Thus, an index for mental stress is important to induce awareness of its presence. We focused on the relationship between cortisol and mental stress in this review. We will discuss both the usefulness and problems of cortisol as a mental stress index by summarizing the relationship between cortisol and mental stress. The present findings suggested that cortisol appears to be an adequate index for mental stress. However, there are several problems; the present group clarifies these problems and builds the comprehensive mental stress assessment systems by using saliva samples.

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[Objectives] Until very recently, the U.S. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) defined as "a conscious mental process that induces a set of integrated physiological changes termed the relaxation response". Recently the NCCAM appears to have reviewed its understanding of , by including a new central feature: "In , a person learns to focus his attention and suspend the stream of thoughts that normally occupy the mind", indicating a shift from a physiological ("relaxation-response") to an experiential (suspension of thinking activity) definition, more in line with traditional eastern understandings. We explore the physiological implications of this paradigmatic shift. [Design] A controlled, observational study. of acute physiological changes. N=26. Participants were asked to either meditate or rest for 10 minutes. [Settings/Location] A temperature controlled room at Swinburne University's Psychophysiology Laboratory, Melbourne. [Subjects] 16 meditators proficient at a mental silence orientated form of (Sahaja yoga, SYM) and 10 non-meditators with an interest in . [Interventions] A mental silence orientated form of (Sahaja yoga, SYM) was compared to rest. [Outcome Measures] Palmar skin temperature and heart rate. [Results] Throughout the period mean ST of the SYM group decreased while that of the Rest group increased. After ten minutes of , 13 of the 16 meditators manifested a reduction in ST compared to baseline whereas 7 of the 10 participants in the control group manifested an increase compared to baseline. Chi-Square tests showed that the difference between the two groups was significant (p=.003). Heart rate changes however did not differ between the two groups. [Conclusions] The study suggests that the experience of mental silence and rest are not psychophysiologically identical despite the fact that they are overtly similar. Implications of this, and need for further evaluation, are discussed.

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[Purpose] This study reports the effects of the Muslim prayer, known as Salat, on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) while performing and miming the actions of Salat: standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting. [Subjects] Thirty Muslim subjects were asked to perform the actual and mime Salat. [Methods] HR and BP were measured using a Schiller AT-102 Electrocardiograph and an Omron SEM-1 Automatic Blood Pressure Monitor. [Results] The findings revealed that there was a significant difference in the HR of the subjects between performing and miming Salat. The standing and prostration positions of Salat produced the highest and the lowest HR, respectively. A lower HR may be of potential benefit to an individual’s health. The systolic and the diastolic BP decreased significantly after performance and mime of Salat, and a greater reduction in BP was observed during performance of Salat. [Conclusion] This is the first study of HR and BP in relation to Salat positions. The findings will encourage further studies to explore the benefits of Salat maneuvers for patients with cardiovascular diseases.

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帯状疱疹に対するRo-8181の有効性, 安全性および有用性を検討するため, ヒト血清アルブミンを対照薬として, 二重盲検比較試験を行つた。皮膚症状の観察項目別の改善率では, 水疱·膿疱において投与開始後5日目でRo-8181群70%, placebo群50%で, 両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。皮膚症状改善度の推移を著明改善以上の症例についてみると, 投与開始後4日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群8%, placebo群0%であり, Fisherの直接計算法で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。また, 投与開始後5日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群15%, placebo群3%であり, κ² 検定で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。主治医による有効性の判定ではU検定でRo-8181群が優れている傾向が認められた。主治医による安全性の判定では副作用発現率がRo-8181群83%, placebo群14%であり, U検定で両群間に差(p<0.001)が認められた。主治医による有用性の判定ではU検定で両群間に差は認められなかつた。以上の結果より, 帯状疱疹に対し, Ro-8181は皮疹のうち水疱·膿疱に対して有効であり, 主治医判定でも有効性が認められたが, 安全性については本薬剤の耐薬性が示されたものの副作用の発現率が高かつたため, 有用性は高くないと考えられた。

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CTAの行政上の取り扱い、歴史、投資戦略等をまず簡単に説明する。CTAとは金融先物、オプション、スワップを対象とした取り引きに関する投資のアドバイスやサービスを個人、ファンドに提供する個人、または組織に対する金融行政上の用語で、正式名はCommodity trading advisorである。CTAという用語は投資信託、ETFを含むヘッジファンド、プライベートファンドへの投資アドバイスにも適応される。CTAs は米国連邦政府による規制対象であり Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) への登録と National Futures Association (NFA) のメンバーになることが義務付けられている。また、CTAはヘッジファンドの投資スタイルのひとつ (Global Macro) でもある。

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The Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) recommends the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) as reference values for preventing adverse health effects on workers caused by occupational exposure to chemical substances, continuous or intermittent noise, impulsive or impact noise, heat stress, cold stress, whole-body vibration, hand-arm vibration and time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields and ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.

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Intracerebral injection of vegetative myxamoebae of strains of Polysphondylium pallidum caused 80 to 100% mortality in mice, whereas a 30 to 50% mortality occurred with strains of Dictyostelium giganteum and D. mucoroides. Death is attributable to an unidentified toxic factor. Histopathologically a giant cell formation was seen in the spleen of mice. This cell was different from Langerhan's or foreign body giant cell. Rats injected intracerebrally behaved similarly. Intranasal instillation of myxamoebae in guinea pigs caused transient pneumonia. Myxamoebae do not multiply in the brain tissues of mice or rats, or in the lungs of guinea pigs.
Intranasal instillation of vegetative myxamoebae is less pathogenic than free living amoebae like Hartmanella culbertsoni, H. rhysodes, Naegleria sp. (Culbertson strain HB-1), or Naegleria aerobia.

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本実験では、経穴を含む身体各部位に太陽光のイメージを想起させた際の、脳波および脈波の変化を調べることを目的とした。印堂、壇中、丹田を含む眉間、胸部、腹部に太陽光が入射し身体を満たすイメージを被験者に想起させ、脳波測定を行った、その結果、イメージ想起時に脳波徐波化が観察され被験者によっては、θ波やα1波が著しく増加し、脈周期の減少及び脈強度の増大が見られた。

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気功師38名(中国人20名、日本人18名)および気功は素人の受け手一般人29名の脳波を測定した。気功中は、α波と共にθ波が増大すると言われている。しかし、気功師の安静時、θ波出現は8名(21.1%)、外気功28例中6例(21.4%)、内気功19例中7例(36.8%)で、いずれのθ波も2〜3周期の短いものが全汎性に、かつ一連(約10分間)の実験中、数回現われたに過ぎない。気を受けた一般人の37.9%にθ波が現われたのに比較し、気功師に多いとは言えず、また安静時より気功中に増えるとも言えなかった。そこで、α波の周波数変化を調べた。気功師38名の安静閉眼時、α波のピーク周波数は平均9.55±0.14Hzであったが、外気功中は9.74±0.18Hz、内気功中は10.05±0.Hzといずれの場合も増大した。しかし、気功師個々には、速波化タイプと徐波化タイプがあり、外気功の7名(26.9%)、内気功の7名(41.2%)が徐波化タイプであった。曹洞禅や阿字観瞑想(密教系瞑想法)など仏教系の瞑想では深い瞑想中α波の周波数は遅くなる。超越瞑想(TM)ではほとんど変化がなく、わずかに速波化であった。TMは、心の中でマントラを唱えつつ、集中することで瞑想に入る。気功も同様に気のイメージの様なものが関与し、それへの集中があるものと思われた。徐波化する者の気功法には、瞑想法的な要素が考えられる。しかし、彼等は安静時から周波数が高いものが多く、僧侶においてα波が徐波化してθ波が現われるのと違い、θ波出現者との間に相関は見られなかった。

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The nd Annual Meeting of Japan Society for Science Education (JSSE) was held on July 29-31, 1998 at Tokyo Gakugei University in western suburb of Tokyo with about 290 registrants under the main theme of "Towards Implementation of Science Curriculum for Construction of Creation and Symbiosis." Number of papers over 210 were presented in both main sessions and general presentations. There were two symposiums, one lecture, one forum, one international forum, one workshop, three sessions of themes set by the steering committee and ten sessions of themes set independently by members of JSSE in main sessions. Also, there were many other general presentations. Many papers were presented coping with the main theme. They were a lecture related to learning and creativity based on advance of brain, and many presentations related to symbiosis such as relation between in-door and out-door school activities, school based research activities such as curriculum development, and way of finding new methodology of research on classroom, consistency of curriculum through elementary to high school, pre-service teacher education, and so on. Contents of claims and discussions in every presentation in main sessions are summarized in this paper.

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